Communication-Based Systems: Proceeding of the 3rd International Workshop held at the TU Berlin, Germany, 31 March – 1 April 2000 PDF
Preview Communication-Based Systems: Proceeding of the 3rd International Workshop held at the TU Berlin, Germany, 31 March – 1 April 2000
COMMUNICATION-BASED SYSTEMS COMMUNICATION-BASED SYSTEMS Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop held at the TU Berlin, Germany, 31 March - 1 April 2000 Edited by GÜNTER HOMMEL Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Communication-based systems: proceedings ofthe 3rd international workshop held at the TU Berlin, Gennany, 31 March-l April 2000 / edited by Günter Hommel. p. cm. I. Parallel processing (Electronic computers )--Congresses. 2. Electronic data processing--Distributed processing--Congresses. 1. Hommel, Günter. QA76.58. C635 2000 004'.35--dc21 99-086807 ISBN 978-90-481-5399-2 ISBN 978-94-015-9608-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9608 -4 Prillied Oll acid~free paper All Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000. Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover I st edition 2000 No part of the material protected by Ihis copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and rctricval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Table of Contents Preface .................................................................... IX Performance Evaluation of Communication Based Systems GSPN Models of Dual-Band GSM Networks Marco Ajmone Marsan, Michaela Meo, Politecnico di Torino and Matteo Sereno, Universita di Torino ....................................................... 1 Time in Message Sequence Chart Specifications and How to Derive Stochastic Petri Nets Olaf Kluge, Technische Universität Berlin ................................. 17 Safe System-Level Diagnosis for Selected Fault Models Matthias Werner, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin ........................ 33 Fault-Tolerance Mechanisms for a Parallel Programming System - A Respon siveness Perspective Holger Karl, Technische Universität Berlin ................................ 43 Foundations and Applications of Communication Based Sys tems Run Time Modification of Algebraic High Level Nets and Algebraic Higher Order Nets using Folding and Unfolding Construction Kathrin Hoffmann, Technische Universität Berlin ......................... 55 Compositional Specification of Distributed Systems by Distributed Graph Trans formation Manuel Koch, Universita degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" .............. 73 Specifying, Analyzing and Programming Communication Systems in Maude Jose Meseguer, SRI International, Menlo Park ............................ 93 Towards Dynamic Shaping C. Barry Jay, and Gabriele Keller, University of Technology, Sydney ..... 103 A Personal, Historical Perspective of Parallel Programming for High Perfor mance Christian Lengauer, Universität Passau .................................. 111 vi Distributed Environments for Communication Based Sys tems Automatie Distribution in Pangaea Andre Spiegel, Freie Universität Berlin 119 Multiphase Consensus Finding in Collaborative Problem Solving Markus Hannebauer, Technische Universität Berlin ...................... 131 Efficient and Seeure Information Sharing in Distributed, Collaborative Environ ments Part ha Dasgupta, Arizona State University, Vijay Karamcheti, and Zvi Kedem, New York University .................................................... 147 A Constraint Programming Framework for AI Planning Alexander Nareyek, Technische Universität Berlin ........................ 163 Atomic Broadcast in a Byzantine Model Assia Doudou, EPF Lausanne, Benoit Garbinato, United Bank of Switzerland, and Rachid Guerraoui, EPF Lausanne ................................... 179 vii Program Committee Hartmut Ehrig Günter Hommel (Chair) Stefan J ähnichen Klaus-Peter Löhr Miroslaw Malek Peter Pep per Radu Popescu-Zeletin Herbert Weber Adam Wolisz Organizing Committee Günter Hommel Olaf Kluge Katinka Wolter Armin Zimmermann VVorkshop Secretary SilviaRabe Technische Universität Berlin Institut für Technische Informatik Franklinstr. 28/29 10587 Berlin Germany Preface Since 1990 the German Research Society (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) has been funding PhD courses (Graduiertenkollegs) at selected universi ties in the Federal Republic of Germany. TU Berlin has been one of the first universities joining that new funding program of DFG. The PhD courses have been funded over aperiod of 9 years. The grant for the nine years sums up to approximately 5 million DM. Our Grnduiertenkolleg on Communication-based Systems has been assigned to the Computer Science Department of TU Berlin although it is a joined effort of all three universities in Berlin, Technische Uni versität (TU), Freie Universität (FU), and Humboldt Universität (HU). The Graduiertenkolleg has been started its program in October 1991. The professors responsible for the program are: Hartmut Ehrig (TU), Günter Hommel (TU), Stefan Jähnichen (TU), Peter Löhr (FU), Miroslaw Malek (RU), Peter Pep per (TU), Radu Popescu-Zeletin (TU), Herbert Weber (TU), and Adam Wolisz (TU). The Graduiertenkolleg is a PhD program for highly qualified persons in the field of computer science. Twenty scholarships have been granted to fellows of the Graduiertenkolleg for a maximal period of three years. During this time the fellows take part in a selected educational program and work on their PhD thesis. The following research areas are covered by the Graduiertenkolleg: - Formal specification and mathematical foundations of distributed systems - Computer networks and multi-media systems - Software development and concepts for distributed applications - Language concepts for distributed systems - Distributed real-time systems - Reliability, security and dependability in distributed systems Concurrent and distributed systems have gained increasing importance in nu merous application areas. Those are e.g. computer networks, distributed systems in co-operative environments, process control systems, automated manufacturing systems, multi-media systems, and parallel or distributed computer systems. The objective of the research program carried out in the Graduiertenkolleg is to study the essential practical and theoretical problems of design, develop ment, and performance and dependability evaluation of communication-based systems. All research carried out in the Graduiertenkolleg is connected to addi tional projects funded by different institutions. We are now almost at the end of the program, looking back to eight years of fruitful work. Until now, 28 PhD theses have been completed successfully within the Graduiertenkolleg. Several more are to follow. Most of the fellows achieved very good or excellent marks. Fellows of the Graduiertenkolleg have been awarded with the Tiburtius award (twice), the Krone award (three times), ix x the Carl-Ramsauer award, the IKV award, and the Chorafas award for their theses. The average completion time has been 3.5 years - far below the time required normally. This workshop on Communication-Based Systems takes pi ace as a satellite event to ETAPS 2000 (European Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Soft ware), the major European Multi-Conference in the field of software and theo retical computer science. The workshop is intended to present research results achieved during the last phase of the Graduiertenkolleg to an international community. To stimulate the scientific discussion renown experts have been invited to give their view on the covered research areas. My thanks go to Marco Ajmone Marsan, Rachid Ger raoui, Zvi Kedem, Christian Lengauer, and Jose Meseguer who accepted our invitation. Berlin, November 1999 Günter Hommel. GSPN Models of Dual-Band GSM Networks* Marco Ajmone Marsani , Michela Meo1, and Matteo Sereno2 1 Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy {ajmone.michela}~polito.it 2 Dipartimento di Informatica, Universita di Torino, 10149 Torino, Italy matteo~di.unito.it Abstract. In this paper we present detailed and compact GSPN models for the performance analysis, design, and planning of cellular mobile tele phony networks in which the utilization of two separate frequency bands for the provision of services to end users (like in dual-band GSM sys tems) complicates the cellular structure with the presence of microcells and macrocells. The flexibility of the GSPN modeling approach allows a simple con struction of detailed and compact models under different assumptions as regards system parameters and resource management algorithms. This makes the performance analysis of the considered type of communica tion systems much simpler than with direct Markovian models, and is instrumental for careful network design and planning procedures. The presentation of numerical results derived from the GSPN models proves the viability of the proposed approach. 1 Introduction The latest developments in cellular telephony services in the count ries that adopt the GSM standard are based on the use of two separate frequency bands, around 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz, respectively. Cells served by frequencies in the 900 MHz band are much larger than cells served by frequencies in the 1.8 GHz band, due to the much better propagation characteristics of microwaves in the former fre quency range through the atmosphere. For this reason, cells served by frequencies in the 900 MHz band are normally called "macrocells", whereas cells served by frequencies in the 1.8 GHz band are often called "microcells". The area covered by a macrocell can be one order of magnitude larger than the area covered by a microcell. Macrocells and microcells normally overlap, thus producing what is often called a hierarchical cellular structure. Microcells have good and bad characteristics, since they allow a much better spatial reuse of frequencies, but impose a much larger number of handovers during telephone calls. Handovers are the procedures that allow the network to follow the user movements during a conversation; when a talking user moves from the area served by one cell to another, his call is automatically transferred from * This work was supported in part by the Italian National Research Council and in part by the Esprit Human Capital and Mobility project MATCH. G. Hammel (ed.), Communication-Based Systems, 1-15. © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2 the equipment controlling the old cell to the equipment controlling the new cell, without interruption. The spatial reuse of frequencies with acceptable degree of interference is achieved by activating different frequencies in neighboring cells, or more precisely by imposing a specified minimum distance between cells using the same frequency. The equipment that controls a cell is termed "base station" . Handovers may fail when the base station controlling the new cell cannot allocate resources for the service of the incoming handover. The resource necessary to accept a call incoming into a cell is a free time slot on one of the frequencies available in the cello The time/frequency resources necessary to serve a call request form a "channel" . Both the nu mb er of slots per frequency and the number of frequencies in a cell are finite, the former being a constant, and the latter being a design parameter. Thus, the number of channels in a cell is a fixed quantity. Free channels are also the resources that base stations allocate to requests for the establishment of new calls arriving from users within the area served by the cell frequencies. The design and planning of mobile cellular telephony networks require accu rate models for the computation of the number of frequencies to be activated in cells, so as to obtainacceptable performance. The main performance parameters adopted in the design and planning process are: i) the average nu mb er of active calls within a cell, which is an indirect metrics of the revenues generated by the installed equipment; ii) the handover failure probability, which must be kept very low in order to avoid user dissatisfaction; iii) the new call blocking probability (the probability that a new call cannot be established due to the lack of free channels), which must be kept small, specially if multiple operators offer mobile telephony services in the same area. Markovian models have been traditionally used for the design and planning of mobile cellular telephony networks, considering one cell at a time (see for example [1-5]). While this approach proved adequate for networks using only the 900 MHz band, it cannot be transfer red to the dual-band environment, where the minimum network element that has to be considered consists of one macrocell and all the microcells comprised within the macrocell. This network element will be called a "cell cluster". This subsystem is rat her complex for the direct development of Markovian models, so that its investigation through a more sophisticated and powerful de scription paradigm may be convenient. For this reason, we propose in this paper the adoption of the GSPN modeling paradigm [6,7] for the performance analysis of dual-band mobile telephony networks comprising microcells and macrocells. Previous analytical studies of hierarchical cellular systems were presented in [8-11]. The paper is organized as follows. in Section 2 we describe the characteristics of the cellular mobile telephony networks that we consider, together with the probabilistic modeling assumptions that are needed to permit the development of GSPN models. For a somewhat more detailed description of the GSPN models, the reader is referred to [12]. In Section 3 we concisely illustrate detailed and
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