Commercial Polymer Blends

669 Pages·1998·52.07 MB·English

by  L. A. Utracki (auth.)

Commercial Polymer Blends
Commercial
Polymer Blends
L. A. Utracki
National Research Council of Canada,
Industrial Materials Institute,
and
Department of Chemical Engineering,
McGill University,
Montreal, QC,
Canada
runt
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
First edition 1998
© 1998 L.A. Utracki
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998
Thomson Science is a division of International Thomson Publishing
Typeset in 9/11 Palatino by Pure Tech India Ltd, Pondicherry, India
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com.
ISBN 978-0-412-81020-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-5789-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-5789-0
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
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The Publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Contents
Preamble xiii
AbbreviationsinAppendices xvii
Partone
PolymerScienceand Technology 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Polymerindustry 8
2.1 Earlyperiod: 1800-1945 8
2.1.1 Modifiednaturalpolymers 10
2.1.2 Syntheticrubbers 17
2.1.3 Syntheticthermosettingpolymers 19
2.1.4 Syntheticthermoplasticpolymers 21
2.2 Growthperiod: post1945 28
2.2.1 Commodityresins 28
2.2.2 Engineeringresins 39
2.2.3 Specialtypolymers 44
3 Developmentofpolymerprocessing S3
3.1 Mixing 53
3.2 Extrusion 53
3.3 Compressionmolding 57
3.4 Transfermolding 57
3.5 Injectionmolding 59
3.6 Blowmolding 60
3.7 Rotationalmolding 61
3.8 Thermoforming 62
4 Developmentofpolymerscience 63
4.1 Beginnings 63
4.2 Earlypolymersand polymerizationreactions 66
4.2.1 Molecularweightdetermination 67
4.2.2 Freevolume 69
4.2.3 Viscoelasticity 71
4.2.4 Radicalpolymerization 72
4.2.5 Anionicpolymerization 73
vi Contents
4.2.6 Ziegler-Nattacatalysis 73
4.2.7 Single-sitemetallocenecatalysts 74
4.2.8 Newpolymerizationmethodsand new polymers 76
5 Nomenclatureofpolymericsystems 78
5.1 Traditional 78
5.2 Copolymers 78
5.3 Non-linearmacromoleculesand macromolecularassemblies 81
5.4 Polymerblend terminology 81
PartTwo
Technicaland EconomicRationalityfor PolymerBlending 83
6 Reasons for, benefits and problems ofblending 85
6.1 Compatibilization 86
6.2 Interphase 89
6.3 Compatibilizationbyadditionofacopolymer 93
6.4 Reactivecompatibilization 94
7 Morphology 98
7.1 Equilibriummorphologyand phaseinversion 98
7.2 Flow-imposedmorphology 99
7.2.1 Flow-induceddispersion 100
7.2.2 Fibrillation 101
7.2.3 Flow-inducedcoalescence 102
7.2.4 Interlayerslip 102
7.2.5 Flow-inducedencapsulation 102
8 Rheology 104
8.1 Introduction 104
8.2 Single-phasemixtures 104
8.3 Two-phasesystems 105
8.4 Microrheology 106
8.5 Concentrationdependenceofviscosity 108
8.6 Dynamicflow 109
8.7 Compatibilizationeffects 112
8.8 Time-temperaturesuperposition 114
8.9 Steady-stateversusdynamic viscosities 114
8.10 Blendelasticity 115
8.11 Elongationalflows 115
8.12 Conclusions 116
9 Developmentofpolymerblends 117
9.1 Economyofblending 117
9.2 Developingcommercialblends 118
9.3 Blendperformance 122
9.3.1 Mechanicalproperties 122
9.3.2 Electricallyconductiveblends 126
9.4 Outlineofpolymeralloysandblendsevolution 127
9.5 Conclusionsand outlook 135
Contents vii
PartThree
CommodityResin Blends 137
10 Styrenics:polystyreneandstyrenecopolymers 139
10.1 Highimpactpolystyreneand itsblends 140
10.1.1 HIPSwithEPR 142
10.1.2 HIPSwithblockcopolymers 142
10.2 SBRandblends 143
10.3 PS/PEandPS/modified-PEblends 144
10.3.1 Recycling 146
10.4 PS/acrylicsblends 148
10.4.1 Miscibleblends 148
10.4.2 Blendswithstaticdissipativeproperties 151
10.5 ABSanditsblends 153
10.5.1 HighheatABS 155
10.5.2 WeatherableABS 156
10.5.3 Reactiveacidified ABS 157
10.5.4 Methacrylate-Butadiene-Styrenecopolymers,MBS 158
10.5.5 ABS/PVCblends 159
10.5.6 ABS/PCblends 161
10.5.7 ABS/PAblends 168
10.5.8 ABS/PESTblends 170
10.5.9 ABS/TPUblends 172
10.5.10 ABS/PSFblends 173
10.5.11 ABS/SMAblends 175
10.6 SBSblockcopolymerblends 176
10.6.1 SBS/SEBSblendswithcommodityresins 177
10.6.2 SBS/SEBSblendswithengineeringresins 181
10.6.3 SBS/SEBSblendswithspecialtyresins 188
10.7 PS/PAblends 189
10.8 PS/POMblends 189
10.9 PS/PCblends 189
10.10 PS/polyesterblends 190
10.11 PS/PPEblends 191
10.12 PS/PPSblends 193
11 Polyvinylchloride 194
11.1 PVC/NBRblends 195
11.2 PVC/acrylicsblends 198
11.3 PVC/elastomerblends 202
11.4 PVC/polyalkeneblends 203
11.5 PVC/CPEand PVC/CSRblends 203
11.6 PVC/polyurethaneblends 207
11.7 PVC/EVAcand PVC/EVAc-VCblends 207
11.8 PVC/ABSblends 208
11.9 PVC/engineeringresinblends 211
11.9.1 BlendswithPEST 211
11.9.2 BlendswithCOPO 211
11.9.3 BlendswithPC 212
11.9.4 BlendswithPOM 213
viii Contents
11.9.5 BlendswithPI 213
11.9.6 BlendswithPVP 214
12 Polyvinylidenehalideblends 215
12.1 Polyvinylidenechlorideblends 215
12.2 Polyvinylidenefluorideblends 216
12.2.1 PVDF/acrylicsblends 217
12.2.2 PVDF/engineeringresinblends 218
13 Poly(methyl)methacrylate,PMAand PMMA,Blends 219
13.1 PMAblends 219
13.2 PMMAblends 219
13.2.1 Copoly(meth)acrylateblends 219
13.2.2 PMMA/Poly(meth)acrylateblends 221
13.2.3 PMMA/PVCblends 223
13.2.4 PMMA/POblends 224
13.2.5 PMMA/elastomerblends 224
13.2.6 PMMA/PCblends 225
13.2.7 PMMA/PESTblends 226
13.2.8 PMMA/PPEblends 227
13.2.9 PMMA/PAblends 227
13.2.10 PMMA/POMblends 228
13.2.11 PMMA/PVDFblends 228
14 Polyethyleneblends 230
14.1 PE/elastomerblends 231
14.1.1 Rubberblends 231
14.1.2 AtacticPPblends 232
14.1.3 CSRblends 232
14.1.4 pmblends 233
14.1.5 lonomerblends 233
14.2 PE/EPRorEPDMblends 234
14.3 PE/PEblends 235
14.3.1 LDPE/LLDPEblends 236
14.3.2 LLDPE/LLDPEblends 237
14.3.3 LDPEorLLDPEblendswithHOPE 238
14.4 PE/PPblends 239
14.5 PE/PSblends 240
14.6 PE/styrenicsblends 241
14.7 PEblendswithacrylics 242
14.8 PEblendswithothercommoditypolymers 243
14.9 PEblendswithreducedpermeability 244
14.10 ElectricallyconductivePEblends 245
14.11 BiodegradablePEblends 246
14.12 PE/PAblends 247
14.13 PE/PCblends 248
14.14 PE/PPEblends 250
14.15 PE/PESTblends 251
14.16 PE/POMblends 252
14.17 PE/specialtyresinblends 253
Contents ix
15 Polypropylene 254
15.1 PPIPEblends 255
15.2 PPIPIBblends 258
15.3 PPblendswithotherpolyalkenes 259
15.4 PPIelastomerblends 260
15.4.1 PPlrubberblends 260
15.4.2 PPIEPRorEPDMblends 261
15.4.3 PPIchlorinatedelastomerblends 265
15.4.4 PPIstyrenicelastomerblends 266
15.4.5 PPIacrylicelastomerblends 267
15.5 PPIPSblends 268
15.6 PPlEVAcblends 269
15.7 PPIPVCblends 270
15.8 PPblendswithothercommodityresins 270
15.9 PPbiodegradableblends 270
15.10 PPIelectricallyconductivepolymerblends 271
15.11 PP/engineeringresinblends 271
15.11.1 PP/PAblends 271
15.11.2 PPIPCblends 275
15.11.3 PPIPESTblends 276
15.11.4 PPIPPEblends 278
15.11.5 PPlPOMblends 279
15.12 PP/specialtypolymerblends 279
15.12.1 PP/PARAblends 280
15.12.2 PPILCPblends 281
15.12.3 PPblendswithotherspecialtypolymers 282
15.13 Summary 282
PartFour
EngineeringResin Blends 283
16 Polyamideblends 285
16.1 Earlyblends(up to1970) 285
16.1.1 Earlyimpact-modifiedblends 285
16.1.2 PA/POearlyblends 286
16.1.3 PA/PAearlyblends 286
16.1.4 PAlABSearlyblends 286
16.1.5 EarlyPAblendswithengineeringresins 287
16.2 PAlcommodityresinblends 287
16.2.1 PAtoughenedblends 287
16.2.2 PAlelastomerblends 295
16.2.3 PA/POrigidblends 304
16.2.4 PAlstyrenicsblends 309
16.2.5 PA/vinylsblends 313
16.2.6 PAblendswithTPU 313
16.2.7 PAblendswithreducedpermeability 314
16.2.8 Biodegradableorrecyclable PAblends 317
16.3 PAlengineeringresinblends 317
16.3.1 PA/PPEblends 317
16.3.2 PA(I)/PA(2)blends 323
16.3.3 PAlPARAblends 324
x Contents
16.3.4 PA/POMblends 325
16.3.5 PA/PESTblends 326
16.3.6 PA/PCblends 330
16.4 PA/specialtypolymerblends 333
16.4.1 PA/PSFblends 333
16.4.2 PA/PPSblends 333
16.4.3 PA/Phenoxyblends 334
16.4.4 PA/PVDFblends 335
16.4.5 PA/PEAblends 335
16.4.6 PA/PAIblends 336
16.4.7 PA/PElblends 336
16.4.8 PA/LCPblends 336
17 Polyesterblends 337
17.1 PESTblendswithcommodityresins 340
17.1.1 PET/POblends 340
17.1.2 PBTblends 342
17.1.3 PEST/elastomerblends 345
17.1.4 PEST/styrenicsblends 352
17.1.5 PET/SMAblends 356
17.1.6 PEST/acrylicsblends 357
17.1.7 PEST/vinylblends 360
17.2 PESfblendswithengineeringresins 361
17.2.1 PETblendswithotherPESTresins 361
17.2.2 PEST/PArblends 364
17.2.3 PEST/PAblends 365
17.2.4 PEST/PCblends 367
17.2.5 PEST/PPEblends 374
17.2.6 PEST/paMblends 378
17.3 PESTblendswithspecialtyresins 379
17.3.1 PEST/polysulfideblends 379
17.3.~ PEST/polysulfoneblends 380
17.3.3 PEST/polyimideblends 381
17.3.4 PEST/PEAblends 382
17.3.5 PEST/LCPblends 382
17.3.6 PEST/inorganicglassblends 382
18 Polycarbonateblends 384
18.1 PCblendswithcommodityresins 384
18.1.1 PC/polyalkeneblends 384
18.1.2 PC/styrenicsblends 385
18.1.3 PC/acrylicsblends 387
18.1.4 PC/PVCblends 388
18.1.5 PC/TPUblends 388
18.2 PCblendswithengineeringresins 389
18.2.1 PC/PAblends 389
18.2.2 PC/PESTblends 389
18.2.3 PC/PPEblends 391
18.2.4 PC/POMblends 393
18.3 PCblendswithspecialtyresins 394
18.3.1 PC/siloxaneresinblends 394
Contents xi
18.3.2 PC/PSFblends 394
18.3.3 PC/fluoropolymerblends 396
18.3.4 PC/polyimideblends 396
18.3.5 PC/PElblends 397
18.3.6 PC/LCPblends 398
19 Polyoxymethylene (acetalresins) 399
19.1 POMblendswithcommodityresins 400
19.1.1 POM/acrylicsblends 400
19.1.2 POM/TPUblends 401
19.2 POMblendswithengineeringresins 403
19.2.1 POM/POMblends 403
19.2.2 POM/PPEblends 404
19.3 POMblendswithspecialtyresins 405
20 Polyphenyleneether 407
20.1 PPEblendswithcommodityresins 409
20.1.1 PPE/PSblends 409
20.1.2 PPE/PMMAblends 414
20.1.3 PPE/PEblends 414
20.1.4 PPE/PPblends 415
20.1.5 PPE/vinylresinblends 415
20.2 PPEblendswithengineeringresins 416
20.2.1 PPE/PAblends 416
20.2.2 PPE/PESTblends 417
20.2.3 PPE/PCblends 418
20.2.4 PPE/POMblends 419
20.3 PPEblendswithspecialtyresins 420
20.3.1 PPE/PPSblends 420
20.3.2 OtherPPEblendswithspecialtypolymers 422
20.4 MisciblePPEblends 425
21 Specialtyresinblends 428
21.1 Polyarylenesulfideblends 428
21.1.1 PPS/PSFblends 429
21.1.2 PPS/PArblends 430
21.1.3 PPS/PARAblends 430
21.1.4 PPS/PIblends 431
21.1.5 PPS/PAIblends 432
21.1.6 PPS/PEKblends 432
21.1.7 PPSblendswithpolysiloxanes 433
21.1.8 PPS/fluoropolymerblends 434
21.1.9 PPS/LCPblends 435
21.1.10 PPS/inorganicglassblends 435
21.2 Polysulfoneblends 436
21.2.1 General 436
21.2.2 SummaryofPSFblends 436
21.2.3 PSFblendswithPAl,PIorPEl 438
21.2.4 PSFblendswithfluoropolymers 439
21.2.5 PSFblendswithPEK 439
21.2.6 DiversePSFblends 440