Color Atlas of Anatomy

562 Pages·98.281 MB·English

by  Johannes W. Rohen

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Johannes W.Rohen
Chihiro Yokochi
Elke Lütjen-Drecoll
Anatomy:
A Photographic Atlas
Eighth Edition
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Coeditions in 20 Languages
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Johannes W.Rohen
Chihiro Yokochi
Elke Lütjen-Drecoll
Anatomy:
A Photographic Atlas
Eighth Edition
with 1209 Figures,
1096 in Color,
and 113 Radiographs, CT, and MRI Scans
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IV
Prof. Dr. med. Dr. med. h.c. Johannes W. Rohen
Anatomisches Institut II der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Universitätsstraße 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Chihiro Yokochi, M.D.
Professor emeritus, Department of Anatomy
Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
Correspondence to:
Prof. Chihiro Yokochi, c/o Igaku-Shoin Ltd., 1-28-23 Hongo,
Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8719, Japan
Prof. Dr. med. Elke Lütjen-Drecoll
Anatomisches Institut II der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Universitätsstraße 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
8th edition This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all war-
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Preface to the Eighth Edition
The knowledge of the structure and topography of the various student can study the systematic anatomy of the involved bones,
organs of the human body is a prerequisite not only for the joints, muscles, nerves, and vessels.
education of medical students but also for everyone involved in The correlations between clinical images like MRI and CT
diagnostic and therapy of human diseases. This knowledge can scans can best be learned if sections of scans can be directly
optimally be gained by dissection of the human body, with an compared with cadaveric anatomical sections of the same region.
excellent atlas by one’s side. Today there exist a number of good In this edition, a number of MRI scans have been added that
anatomic atlases, but most of them contain mainly schematic have been taken in a plane of the related anatomical section. In
drawings, which minimally reflect reality. In contrast, the photo- addition, functional MRI scans of the heart and the related
graphs of the actual anatomic specimens have the advantage of anatomical preparations are included, hopefully increasing the
conveying the reality of the object with its proportions and importance of the atlas for clinical purposes.
spatial dimensions in a more accurate manner. While preparing this new edition, the authors were reminded
On the other hand, schematic drawings help us to better un- of how precisely, beautifully, and admirably the human body is
derstand the photos. Therefore, in this eighth edition, the number constructed. If this book helps the student or physician to appre-
of drawings has greatly been increased and old drawings have ciate the overwhelming beauty of the anatomical architecture
been replaced by new ones specifically adapted to their accom- of these tissues and organs, then it greatly fulfills its task. Deep
panying photos. interest and admiration of these anatomical structures may
The didactic purpose of this atlas is not only to help the stu- create the “love for the human being,” which unhesitatingly
dent understand the topography of the human body. We also ho- becomes the inspiration to pursue the vocation of medicine.
pe to provide a way to systematically learn the anatomical struc-
tures and functions. Therefore, the chapters of regional anatomy Erlangen, Germany; Spring 2015 J. W. Rohen
are consequently placed behind a systematic description of the C. Yokochi
anatomical structures – e.g., before dissecting an extremity, the E. Lütjen-Drecoll
Acknowledgments
The preparations of the anatomical specimens shown in this cally adapted to the photos in this edition and revised most of
atlas were time consuming and required profound knowledge. the old ones. We express our many thanks to him for his most ex-
Therefore, all were prepared by anatomists or surgeons. The cellent and time consuming work.
majority were prepared by the authors and coworkers either in We are greatly indebted to our coworkers from the Depart-
the Department of Anatomy in Erlangen or in the Department of ment of Radiology, especially Prof. M. Uder and his colleagues
Anatomy, Kanagawa, Dental College in Tokyo. We would like to (Erlangen) who took the time to perform MRI scans specifically
express our great gratitude to Prof. S. Nagashima, Prof. K. Okamoto, adapted to specimens in our atlas and who added scans to the
and Dr. M. Takahashi (all Japan) who worked for extended periods heart chapter that significantly improved our ability to elucidate
in Germany in the Department of Anatomy in Erlangen, and to the functional aspects of this organ. Also, we extend our thanks
Dr. K. Schmidt, Dr. G. Lindner-Funk (both Nuremberg), Dr. M. Rexer to Prof. W. J. Huk and Prof. W. Bautz (both Erlangen), Prof.
(Fürth), R.M. Mc Donnell (Dallas, USA), and Mr. J. Bryant (Erlangen) A. Heuck (Munich), and Dr. Wieners (Berlin) for their excellent
for dissecting specimens with great skill and knowledge. MRI and CT scans.
We are also greatly indebted to Mr. H. Sommer (SOMSO Co., In addition, we express our many thanks to our secretary Mrs.
Coburg, Germany) who kindly provided a number of excellent L. Koehler for her untiring and excellent cooperation and to
bone specimens. Dr. C. Sims-O’Neil for her careful corrections of the proofs of the
All the excellent macro photos of specimens newly included in new edition.
this eighth edition, most notably those of the skeletal system Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the head of our publisher
and of the heart, were contributed by our photographer Mr. M. (Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart) Mr. D. Bergemann and his coworkers,
Gößwein, to whom we express our great gratitude. particularly Mrs. E. Wallstein, who prepared the final layout of
Most important for this new eighth edition was the work of the Atlas and worked intensely together with the authors on the
our artist Mr. J. Pekarsky. He created many new drawings specifi- new structure of this edition.
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Preface to the First Edition
Today there exist any number of good anatomic atlases. Conse- seen in the photographs. The complicated architecture of the
quently, the advent of a new work requires justification. We skull bones, for example, was not presented in a descriptive way,
found three main reasons to undertake the publication of such a but rather through a series of figures revealing the mosaic of
book. bones by adding one bone to another, so that ultimately the
First of all, most of the previous atlases contain mainly composition of skull bones can be more easily understood.
schematic or semischematic drawings, which often reflect reality Finally, the authors also considered the present situation in
only in a limited way; the third dimension, i.e., the spatial effect, is medical education. On one hand there is a universal lack of
lacking.In contrast, the photo of the actual anatomic specimen cadavers in many departments of anatomy, while on the other
has the advantage of conveying the reality of the object with its hand there has been a considerable increase in the number of
proportions and spatial dimensions in a more exact and realistic students almost everywhere. As a consequence, students do not
manner than the “idealized,” colored “nice” drawings of most have access to sufficient illustrative material for their anatomic
previous atlases. Furthermore, the photo of the human specimen studies. Of course, photos can never replace the immediate
corresponds to the student’s observations and needs in the observation, but we think the use of a macroscopic photo
dissection courses. Thus he has the advantage of immediate instead of a painted, mostly idealized picture is more appropriate
orientation by photographic specimens while working with the and is an improvement in anatomic study over drawings alone.
cadaver. The majority of the specimens depicted in the atlas were pre-
Secondly, some of the existing atlases are classified by sys- pared by the authors either in the Dept. of Anatomy in Erlangen,
temic rather than regional aspects. As a result, the student needs Germany, or in the Dept. of Anatomy, Kanagawa Dental College,
several books each supplying the necessary facts for a certain Yokosuka, Japan. The specimens of the chapter on the neck and
region of the body. The present atlas, however, tries to portray those of the spinal cord demonstrating the dorsal branches of
macroscopic anatomy with regard to the regional and stratigraphic the spinal nerves were prepared by Dr. K. Schmidt with great skill
aspects of the object itself as realistically as possible. Hence it is and enthusiasm. The specimens of the ligaments of the vertebral
an immediate help during the dissection courses in the study of column were prepared by Dr. Th. Mokrusch, and a great number
medical and dental anatomy. of specimens in the chapter of the upper and lower limb was very
Another intention of the authors was to limit the subject to the carefully prepared by Dr. S. Nagashima, Kurume, Japan.
essential and to offer it didactically in a way that is self-explana- Once again, our warmest thanks go out to all of our coworkers
tory. To all regions of the body we added schematic drawings of for their unselfish, devoted and highly qualified work.
the main tributaries of nerves and vessels, of the course and
mechanism of the muscles, of the nomenclature of the various Erlangen, Germany; Spring 1983 J. W. Rohen
regions, etc. This will enhance the understanding of the details C. Yokochi
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Contents
1 General Anatomy 2 Head and Neck
1 19
2.1 Skull
Position of the Inner Organs, Palpable Points, __________________________________ 20
and Regional Lines____________________________ 2
Bones of the Skull ____________________________ 21
Planes and Directions of the Body________________ 4
Disarticulated Skull I __________________________ 24
Osteology __________________________________ 6
Sphenoidal and Occipital Bones ________________ 24
Skeleton of the Human Body __________________ 6
Temporal Bone ____________________________ 26
Bone Structure ____________________________ 8
Frontal Bone ______________________________ 28
Ossification of the Bones______________________ 9
Calvaria ____________________________________ 29
Arthrology __________________________________ 10
Base of the Skull ______________________________ 30
Types of Joints ____________________________ 10
Skull of the Newborn__________________________ 35
Architecture of the Joint ______________________ 12
Median Sections through the Skull ______________ 36
Myology ____________________________________ 13
Disarticulated Skull II __________________________ 38
Shapes of Muscles __________________________ 13
Ethmoidal Bone ____________________________ 38
Structure of the Muscular System________________ 14
Ethmoidal and Palatine Bones__________________ 39
Comparative Imaging of Skeletal
Palatine Bone and Maxilla ____________________ 40
and Muscular Structures in MRI and X-Ray ________ 15
Sphenoidal, Ethmoidal, and Palatine Bones________ 43
Organization of the Circulatory System __________ 16
Maxilla, Zygomatic Bone, and Bony Palate ________ 45
Organization of the Lymphatic System____________ 17
Pterygopalatine Fossa and Orbit ________________ 46
Organization of the Nervous System ______________ 18
Orbit, and Nasal and Lacrimal Bones ____________ 47
Bones of the Nasal Cavity ______________________ 48
Septum and Cartilages of the Nose ______________ 49
Maxilla and Mandible with Teeth ________________ 50
Deciduous and Permanent Teeth ________________ 51
Mandible and Dental Arch______________________ 52
2.2 Masticatory Apparatus
and Muscles of the Head
__________________ 53
Temporomandibular Joint ______________________ 54
Ligaments of the Temporomandibular Joint________ 55
Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscles__ 56
Facial Muscles ________________________________ 60
Supra- and Infrahyoid Muscles __________________ 62
Section through the Cavities of the Head__________ 64
Maxillary Artery ______________________________ 65
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2 Head and Neck
2.3 Brain and Regions of the Head
______ 66 Visual Apparatus ______________________________ 134
Orbit ____________________________________ 134
Brain and Cranial Nerves ______________________ 67
Lacrimal Apparatus and Lids __________________ 135
Trochlear (N. IV), Facial (N. VII),
Extra-ocular Muscles ________________________ 136
Vestibulocochlear (N. VIII), Glossopharyngeal (N. IX),
Layers of the Orbit __________________________ 138
Vagus (N. X), Accessory (N. XI),
Eye Accommodation ________________________ 140
and Hypoglossal (N. XII) Nerves ________________ 69
Macula and Vessels of the Eye__________________ 141
Trigeminal Nerve (N. V) ________________________ 70
Visual Pathway and Areas ____________________ 142
Facial Nerve (N. VII)__________________________ 72
Connection with the Brain Stem ________________ 73
Optic (N. II), Oculomotor (N. III), Trochlear (N. IV),
2.5 Nasal and Oral Cavities
______________ 145
Ophthalmic (N. V ), and Abducent (N. VI) Nerves ____ 74
1
Base of the Skull with Cranial Nerves ____________ 76 Nasal Cavity ________________________________ 146
Regions of the Head __________________________ 78 Paranasal Sinuses __________________________ 146
Lateral Region ______________________________ 78 Nerves and Arteries__________________________ 148
Retromandibular Region______________________ 82 Sections through the Nasal and Oral Cavities ______ 150
Para- and Retropharyngeal Regions______________ 85 Oral Cavity __________________________________ 152
Hyoid Bone and Muscles ______________________ 152
Submandibular Triangle ______________________ 154
2.4 Brain and Sensory Organs
____________ 86 Salivary Glands ____________________________ 155
Scalp and Meninges____________________________ 87
Meninges ____________________________________ 88
2.6 Neck and Organs of the Neck
________ 156
Dura Mater and Dural Venous Sinuses ____________ 88
Dura Mater ________________________________ 90 Median Sections through the Head and Neck ______ 157
Pia Mater and Arachnoid ______________________ 91 Muscles of the Neck __________________________ 158
Brain ________________________________________ 92 Larynx ______________________________________ 160
Median Sections____________________________ 92 Cartilages and Hyoid Bone ____________________ 160
Arteries and Veins __________________________ 94 Muscles __________________________________ 162
Arteries __________________________________ 95 Vocal Folds ________________________________ 163
Arteries and the Arterial Circle of Willis __________ 100 Nerves ____________________________________ 164
Cerebrum ________________________________ 101 Larynx and Oral Cavity__________________________ 165
Cerebellum ________________________________ 104 Pharynx ____________________________________ 166
Dissections ________________________________ 106 Muscles __________________________________ 168
Limbic System ______________________________ 109 Vessels of the Head and Neck __________________ 170
Hypothalamus______________________________ 110 Arteries __________________________________ 170
Subcortical Nuclei __________________________ 111 Arteries and Veins __________________________ 172
Ventricular System __________________________ 114 Veins ____________________________________ 173
Brain Stem________________________________ 116 Lymph Vessels and Nodes______________________ 174
Coronal and Cross Sections ____________________ 118 Regions of the Neck ____________________________ 176
Horizontal Sections __________________________ 120 Anterior Region ____________________________ 176
Auditory and Vestibular Apparatus ______________ 124 Lateral Region ______________________________ 180
Temporal Bone ____________________________ 127
Middle Ear ________________________________ 128
Auditory Ossicles ____________________________ 130
Internal Ear ________________________________ 131
Auditory Pathway and Areas __________________ 133