Clusters and Superclusters of Galaxies

372 Pages·1992·15.608 MB·English

by  Martin J. Rees (auth.), A. C. Fabian (eds.)

Clusters and SuperClusters of Galaxies
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Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 366
Clusters and SuperClusters
of Galaxies
edited by
A. C. Fabian
Institute of Astronomy,
University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, U.K.
w
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Clusters and Superclusters of Galaxies
Cambridge, U.K.
July 1-10, 1991
ISBN 978-94-010-5095-1 ISBN 978-94-011-2482-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2482-9
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© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1992
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface IX
M.J. Rees
CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES: AN INTRODUCTORY SURVEY 1
S.D.M. White
THE STRUCTURE OF GALAXY CLUSTERS 17
A. Oemler Jr.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON GALAXY MORPHOLOGY 29
C. Jones & W. Forman
IMAGING THE HOT INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM 49
H. Bohringer, R.A. Schwarz, U.G. Briel, W. Voges, H. Ebeling,
G. Hartner & R.G. Cruddace
ROSAT OBSERVATIONS OF CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 71
R. Mushotzky
X-RAY SPECTRAL IMAGES OF CLUSTERS 91
W. Jaffe
RADIO STUDIES OF CLUSTERS 109
J.N. Bregman
FAR INFRARED EMISSION FROM CLUSTERS
AND WARMING FLOWS 119
C. L. Sarazin
THE INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM 131
A.C. Fabian
COOLING FLOWS IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 151
S.A. Baum
EMISSION-LINE NEBULAE IN CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 171
G. Soucail
CLUSTERS AS GRAVITATIONAL LENSES 199
viii
A.N. Lasenby
THE SUNYAEV-ZELDOVICH EFFECT 219
D. Lynden-Bell
LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE WITHIN TEN THOUSAND KM/S 241
G. Chincarini, L. Guzzo, R. Scaramella, G. Vettolani & A. Iovino
SUPERCLUSTERS AND LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE 253
N.A. Bahcall
DISTRIBUTION AND PROPERTIES OF SUPERCLUSTERS 275
H.K.C. Yee
GALAXY CLUSTERS AROUND QUASARS 293
J.P. Henry
X-RAY EVOLUTION OF CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 311
N. Kaiser
EVOLUTION OF CLUSTERS OF GALAXIES 323
A. Cavaliere,S.Colafrancesco & N. Mend
CLUSTER EVOLUTION 331
S.A. Shectman, P.L. Schechter, A.A. Oemler, Jr.,
D. Tucker, R. Kirshner and H. Lin
STRIP-MINING THE SOUTHERN SKY:
SCRATCHING THE SURFACE 351
OBJECT INDEX 365
SUBJECT INDEX 367
PREFACE
Clusters and superclusters ofgalaxies are the largest clearly-defined objects in
the Universe. They are the peaks and mountain ranges of its mass distribution.
Clusters are bound by gravity, most ofwhich is due to dark matter. Clusters also
contain substantial amounts ofdiffuse gas in the form of an intracluster medium,
with a mass exceeding that in the stars visible in the member galaxies. It is not
known yet whether superclusters are gravitationally bound, but they are certainly
very massive and must impede the universal expansion in their neighbourhood.
Mapping the content, masses and distribution ofclusters and superclusters is
an exciting task that is the subject of this book. It contains the reviews from the
NATO Advanced Study Institute on 'Clusters and Superclusters of Galaxies' held
in Cambridge, England from July 1st - 10th 1991. The field has been rapidlyex
panding over the past 5 years or so and the ASI provided an excellent opportunity
to take stock. X-ray dataare revealingsubstructure, luminosity evolutionand cold
gas in clusters, radio data show structured magnetic fields and neutral gas, and
provide a new measurement of the Hubble constant. Optical studies demonstrate
morphologicalchanges in the member galaxiesand reveal that clusters act as giant
gravitational lenses, amplifying distant galaxies intoluminous arcs. Measurements
of the distribution and velocities ofgalaxies and clusters show significant inhomo
geneities on supercluster scales and larger, such as the 'Great Wall', the 'Great
Attractor' and the 'Bootes Void'. On the very largest measured scales, however,
the most recent datasuggest that the Universe is relatively smooth.
Distant clusters are studied both directly and by using radio-loud quasars as
flags of the central cluster galaxies. They offer much for tackling the challenging
problem of the evolution of clusters and clustering, and how the observed large
scale structure originated. This takes us back to the intialspectrum offluctuations
in the Universe, their development and interaction with time.
The topics at the ASI were chosen to emphasise the new developments and to
minimize direct overlap with the many conferences on large-scale structure itself.
The authors wereasked to be as pedagogicalas possible; to include the most recent
results, but also to set them in perspective. I am pleased that most have complied
with this request and hope that the book, right from Martin Rees' excellent in
troductory chapter to beyond Pat Henry's admonition to 'remember this stuff', is
recommendable both to first year graduate students and to experts.
I am very grateful to the NATO Science Committee and Dr L. Da Cunha
ix
x
for funding this Advanced Study Institute, to Professors Martin Rees and Don
ald Lynden-Bell for permitting it to be held at the Institute ofAstronomy, to the
Scientific Organizing Committee (H. Bohringer, A. Cavaliere, G.P. Efstathiou, R.S.
Ellis, C. Sarazin), to the scientific members of the Local Organizing Committee
(A. Babul, M.M. Colless, A.C. Edge, R.M. Johnstone and S. Raychaudhury), who
collected, edited and circulated to the participants the contributed talks and poster
papers, and in particular to the other members, Michael Ingham and Judith Moss,
for much organizational help.
A.C. Fabian
Institute ofAstronomy
Madingley Road
Cambridge CB3 OHA
U.K.
Top left: ROSAT PSPC image of A2199 (G Stewart, Leicester)
Top right: Optical image of ClO016+16 (I Smail, Durham)
Lowerleft: Radio image ofA426 (G de Bruyn, Dwingeloo)
Bottom right: Optical isopleths of the Shapley Supercluster (S Raychaudhury,
Cambridge)