Clinical Veterinary Toxicology PDF
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′ An Affiliate of Elsevier 11830 Westline Industrial Drive St.Louis,Missouri 63146 CLINICAL VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY 0-323-01125-X Copyright © 2004,Mosby,Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: (+1) 215 238 7869, fax: (+1) 215 238 2239, e-mail: healthpermissions@ elsevier.com.You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’. NOTICE Veterinary medicine is an ever-changing field. Standard safety precautions must be followed,but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge,changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose,the method and dura- tion of administration,and contraindications.It is the responsibility of the licensed pre- scriber,relying on experience and knowledge of the patient,to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the publisher nor the author assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Clinical veterinary toxicology/[edited by] Konnie H.Plumlee. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-323-01125-X 1.Veterinary toxicology.I.Plumlee,Konnie. SF757.5.C65 2003 636.08959—dc22 2003061495 Acquisitions Editor:Liz Fathman Developmental Editor:Teri Merchant Publishing Services Manager:Patricia Tannian Project Manager:Sarah Wunderly Designer:Julia Dummitt Printed in United States Last digit is the print number:9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In memory of my grandmother Edith Plumlee who always told me, “You can do anything you set your mind to.” v Professor of Toxicology Study Director,Toxicology Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Covance Laboratories Inc. University of Missouri Madison,Wisconsin Columbia,Missouri Principal Veterinary Toxicologist Animal Health Laboratories Associate Professor Western Australian Department of Agriculture Veterinary Clinical Medicine South Perth,Australia University of Illinois Urbana,Illinois Regulatory Policy Analyst Division of Compliance Center for Veterinary Medicine Adjunct Professor Food and Drug Administration Agriculture,Food and Nutritional Science Rockville,Maryland Faculty of Agriculture,Forestry and Home Economics and Public Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine Resident,Anatomic Pathology University of Alberta Veterinary Toxicologist Edmonton,Alberta,Canada Department of Pathobiology University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine Gainesville,Florida Principal Scientist,Study Direction Mammalian Toxicology Covance Laboratories Inc. Associate Professor Vienna,Virginia Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech Adjunct Professor,Toxicology Blacksburg,Virginia Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Senior Organic Analytical Chemist Raleigh,North Carolina Illinois Waste Management and Research Center Illinois State Department of Natural Resources Champaign,Illinois Research Veterinarian Department of Toxicology and Environmental Health Alberta Research Council Vegreville,Alberta,Canada Professor of Toxicology,Emeritus Oklahoma State University Stillwater,Oklahoma Canine Study Director Department of Toxicology Bayer CropScience LP Veterinary Toxicologist Kansas City,Kansas Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University Ames,Iowa Jay C.Albretsen,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABT, Stan W.Casteel,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABT ABVT Jeremy Allen,BVSc,BSc,PhD Peter D.Constable,BVSc,MS,PhD, Dipl ACVIM Neal Bataller,ME,DVM Robert Coppock,DVM,MS,PhD, Dipl ABVT,ABT Karyn Bischoff,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT Rosalind Dalefield,BVSc,PhD, Dipl ABVT,ABT Dennis J.Blodgett,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT David Dorman,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Gary O.Bordson,BS,MS Margita M.Dziwenka,DVM George Burrows,BS,DVM,PhD, Dipl ABVT Steve Ensley,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Thomas L.Carson,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Contributors vi Contributors Assistant Professor,Toxicology Retired Director Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Division of Surveillance Veterinary Toxicologist Center for Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Food and Drug Administration College of Veterinary Medicine Rockville,Maryland University of Missouri Columbia,Missouri Professor Clinical Sciences Professor Colorado State University Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation Fort Collins,Colorado Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University Toxicology Resident East Lansing,Michigan College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois Urbana,Illinois Assistant Professor Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory University of Illinois Toxicologist Urbana,Illinois Human Safety Division Veterinary Drug Directorate Health Canada Dean Ottawa,Ontario,Canada College of Agriculture University of Wyoming Laramie,Wyoming Associate Professor Department of Veterinary Pathobiology University of Illinois Adjunct Instructor Urbana,Illinois Department of Veterinary Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois Consulting Veterinarian in Clinical Toxicology Manager,Veterinary Toxicology Training ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Urbana,Illinois Urbana,Illinois Clinical Professor and Head,Diagnostic Toxicology Associate Professor and Diagnostic Toxicologist Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Animal,Dairy,and Veterinary Sciences University of Illinois Utah State University Urbana,Illinois Logan,Utah Resident in Veterinary Toxicology Department of Veterinary Biosciences Veterinary Medical Officer College of Veterinary Medicine USDA—ARS-ANRI University of Illinois Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Urbana,Illinois Beltsville,Maryland Tim J.Evans,DVM,MS,PhD,Dipl ACT, William C.Keller,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT, ABVT ABT Anthony P.Knight,BVSc,MS,MRCVS, Dipl ACVIM Scott D.Fitzgerald,DVM,PhD, Dipl ACVP,ACPV Camilla Lieske,DVM,MPVM Richard L.Fredrickson,Jr.,DVM,MS Shajan A.Mannala,BSc,BVSc,MS,PGD Francis D.Galey,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Milton M.McAllister,DVM,PhD, Dipl ACVP Sharon Gwaltney-Brant,DVM,PhD, Dipl ABVT,ABT Charlotte Means,DVM,MLIS Gavin L.Meerdink,DVM,Dipl ABVT Jeffrey O.Hall,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Valentina Merola,DVM William R.Hare,DVM,MS,PhD, Dipl ABVT,ABT Contributors vii Associate Professor,Clinical Veterinary Pathology Adjunct Professor California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory Animal,Dairy and Veterinary Science Department System Utah State University University of California—Davis Logan,Utah Tulare,California Consultant,Drug Regulatory Affairs Associate Professor and Veterinary Toxicologist Germantown, Maryland Department of Physiological Sciences Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine Senior Lecturer Oklahoma State University Institute of Veterinary,Animal and Biomedical Sciences Stillwater,Oklahoma Massey University Palmerston North,New Zealand Scientific Director Section Head,Toxicology Preclinical Safety Reid Veterinary Hospital Abbott Laboratories Albany,Oregon Abbott Park,Illinois Associate Professor and Environmental Toxicologist Veterinary Toxicology Resident Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology Veterinary Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Illinois Kansas State University Urbana,Illinois Manhattan,Kansas Extension Specialist and Associate Professor of Veterinary Toxicology Director Veterinary Science Department Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Louisiana State University AgCenter Arkansas Livestock and Poultry Commission School of Veterinary Medicine Little Rock,Arkansas Louisiana State University Baton Rouge,Louisiana Associate Professor of Veterinary Toxicology Chief,Toxicology Laboratory Illinois Department of Agriculture New Bolton Center Animal Disease Laboratory Department of Pathobiology Centralia,Illinois School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Kennett Square,Pennsylvania Professor,Toxicology,Pathobiology,Medicine and Physiology Director,Comparative Toxicology Laboratories Director,Division of Surveillance College of Veterinary Medicine Center for Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University Food and Drug Administration Manhattan,Kansas Rockville,Maryland Professor Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University Ames,Iowa Robert B.Moeller,Jr.,DVM Kip E.Panter,PhD Mukund Parkhie,DVM,PhD Sandra E.Morgan,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT Kathleen Henry Parton,BS,DVM,MS Sherry J.Morgan,DVM,PhD,Dipl ACVP, ABT,ABVT Michael E.Peterson,DVM,MS John A.Pickrell,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABT Carla K.Morrow,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT Steven S.Nicholson,DVM,Dipl ABVT Konnie H.Plumlee,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT, ACVIM Robert Poppenga,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Gene Niles,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT Fred Oehme,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Lynn Post,MS,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Gary Osweiler,DVM,MS,PhD,Dipl ABVT viii Contributors Assistant Professor,Veterinary Toxicology Veterinary Pathologist/Toxicologist California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System Arkansas Livestock and Poultry Commission School of Veterinary Medicine Little Rock,Arkansas University of California—Davis Davis,California Veterinary Pathologist USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory Associate Director Logan,Utah Consumer Relations and Technical Services The Hartz Mountain Corporation Secaucus,New Jersey Associate Professor Department of Food Science and Toxicology Manager,Livestock Technical Services University of Idaho Schering-Plough Animal Health Corporation Moscow,Idaho Canyon,Texas Professor,Botany Veterinary Medical Officer Curator of Herbarium USDA-APHIS Department of Botany Fresno,California Oklahoma State University Stillwater,Oklahoma Associate Professor Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Adjunct Instructor,Toxicology University of Missouri Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Columbia,Missouri Iowa State University Ames,Iowa Veterinary Clinical Toxicologist Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation Assistant Professor,Toxicology College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Biosciences Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory East Lansing,Michigan University of Illinois Urbana,Illinois Consulting Veterinarian in Clinical Toxicology ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Pathologist Urbana,Illinois Department of Pathology,Preclinical Safety Abbott Laboratories Abbott Park,Illinois Assistant Professor,Ruminant Medicine Department of Population Health and Pathobiology North Carolina State University ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Raleigh,North Carolina Urbana,Illinois Assistant Research Director Professor Center for Life Sciences and Toxicology Department of Pathology,Microbiology,and Immunology RTI International School of Veterinary Medicine Research Triangle Park,North Carolina University of California—Davis Davis,California Birgit Puschner,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Eric L.Stair,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT,ABT Bryan Stegelmeier,DVM,PhD,Dipl ACVP Jill Richardson,DVM Patricia A.Talcott,MS,DVM,PhD, Dipl ABVT Joseph D.Roder,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Ronald J.Tyrl,PhD Marcy Rosendale,DVM George E.Rottinghaus,PhD David Villar,DVM,MS,PhD,Dipl ABVT Wilson K.Rumbeiha,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABT, ABVT Petra A.Volmer,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT, ABT Mary Michael Schell,DVM Diann L.Weddle,DVM,PhD Geoffrey W.Smith,DVM,MS,PhD Sherry Welch,DVM Wayne Spoo,DVM,Dipl ABT,ABVT Dennis W.Wilson,DVM,PhD,Dipl ACVP Contributors ix Veterinary Toxicologist Associate Professor ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory Urbana,Illinois School of Veterinary Medicine University of California—Davis Davis,California Tina Wismer,DVM,Dipl ABVT Leslie W.Woods,DVM,PhD,Dipl ACVP xi Veterinary toxicology is a difficult subject because poisons can name.The decision was made to classify the plants by toxin affect animals differently depending on species, breed, age, so there would be a unified discussion of all plants that cause gender, health status, or reproductive status.This book is a the same disease.Plants with undescribed toxins are catego- comprehensive text to be used as a teaching tool for veterinary rized under "Unknown Toxins." Of course,some plants cause students and as a reference for clinical practitioners treating more than one toxic problem,and the reader is referred to the pets,livestock,or birds. index to locate all page references for any given plant. The book is divided into three parts. This book is designed to be a comprehensive and unique text • PART ONE: PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY. This that meets the needs of the veterinary student as well as the part provides the basic information needed to understand clinician. It can be used either to study groups of poisons how poisons affect the body,how the body responds to a for- or as a resource for developing a differential diagnosis for eign substance,how poisonings are diagnosed,and how poi- poisoned animals. sonings are treated. PART THREE categorizes the poisons by type (metals, • PART TWO: MANIFESTATIONS OF TOXICOSES. mycotoxins,etc.) or source (feed-associated,household,etc.) This part provides differential diagnoses and pathologic to assist the reader in grouping the poisons in a logical findings associated with toxic effects on each body system. manner.This allows the veterinarian,when confronted with The pages in this section are edged in gray to make the sec- a known poison, to determine the class of toxicant, its tion easy to find. mechanism of action, and the proper course of treatment. • PART THREE:CLASSES OF TOXICANTS.This part However,the veterinarian is often confronted with a patient classifies poisons by type or source and provides detailed that is intoxicated with an unknown poison.The reader can information regarding synonyms, sources, toxicokinetics, refer to PART TWO to find a list of potential toxicants based mechanism of action, toxicity, risk factors, clinical signs, on the clinical signs or lesions that the patient is exhibiting. clinical pathology, lesions, diagnostic testing, treatment, From there, the reader can refer to PART THREE to read prognosis,and prevention and control.Several toxicants fall about the specific poisons so that the list of possible etiologies into more than one category; to prevent redundancy, each can be narrowed further. toxicant was placed in the most logical category. The plant chapter was the most difficult to organize,with Konnie H.Plumlee options including plant family, genus name, or common ORGANIZATION FUNCTION Preface xiii Throughout my years as a veterinary student,a clinician,and to everyone at Elsevier who worked on this project,especial- finally a toxicologist,I wondered why a comprehensive text- ly Linda Duncan for understanding my vision for the book, book devoted to veterinary toxicology was not available. and Teri Merchant for her infinite patience and words of About a year into the writing of this book,I understood why! encouragement. Organizing the contents of the book and the multitude of authors was a daunting task.I owe a great deal of gratitude to Konnie H.Plumlee the contributing authors, who graciously share their knowl- Little Rock,Arkansas edge and expertise on the pages of this book.Special thanks Acknowledgments
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