Clinical Tuberculosis (A Hodder Arnold Publication) - 4th edition PDF
Preview Clinical Tuberculosis (A Hodder Arnold Publication) - 4th edition
Clinical TB-Prelims-cpp.qxd:Master.qxd 11/3/08 07:50 Page i Clinical Tuberculosis This page intentionally left blank Clinical TB-Prelims-cpp.qxd:Master.qxd 11/3/08 07:50 Page iii Clinical Tuberculosis Fourth edition Edited by Peter DO Davies MA DM FRCP Professor, Consultant Physician, Cardiothoracic Centre and University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, UK Peter F BarnesMD Professor of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Director, Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA Stephen B GordonMA MD FRCP DTM&H Senior Clinical Lecturer in Tropical Respiratory Medicine Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK and Honorary Consultant in Respiratory Medicine Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK Clinical TB-Prelims-cpp.qxd:Master.qxd 11/3/08 07:50 Page iv First published in Great Britain in 1994 by Chapman & Hall Second edition 1998 Third edition 2003 This fourth edition published in 2008 by Hodder Arnold, an imprint of Hodder Education, an Hachette UK Company, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH www.hoddereducation.com © 2008 Hodder & Stoughton Ltd All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form, or by any means with prior permission in writing of the publishers or in the case of reprographic production in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. In the United Kingdom such licences are issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency: Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Whilst the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. In particular (but without limiting the generality of the preceding disclaimer) every effort has been made to check drug dosages; however it is still possible that errors have been missed. Furthermore, dosage schedules are constantly being revised and new side-effects recognized. For these reasons the reader is strongly urged to consult the drug companies’ printed instructions before administering any of the drugs recommended in this book. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN-13 978 0 340 94840 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Commissioning Editor: Philip Shaw Project Editor: Amy Mulick Production Controller: Karen Tate Cover Designer: Andrew Campling Typeset in 10/12 Minion by Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham, Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group What do you think about this book? Or any other Hodder Arnold title? Please send your comments to www.hoddereducation.com Clinical TB-Prelims-cpp.qxd:Master.qxd 11/3/08 07:50 Page v Dedication of the fourth edition The fourth edition of Clinical Tuberculosisis dedicated to the brilliant workers in the fight against tuberculosis of the latter part of the twentieth century: Professor Sir John Crofton, Professor Denny Mitchison and Professor Wallace Fox. There were giants in the earth in those days. Genesis 6:4 Dedication of the third edition The third edition of Clinical Tuberculosisis dedicated to the people of the United States of America in the hope that they will lead the world into greater equality of health and resources. From those to whom much has been given will much be required. Luke 12:48 Dedication of the second edition The second edition of Clinical Tuberculosis is dedicated to Gordon Leitch, who died while helping to rescue friends in a swimming accident in Cyprus, July 1996. Greater love has no-one than this, that he lay down his life for his friends. John 15:13 Dedication of the first edition This book is dedicated to the disadvantaged of the world, who are at greatest risk from tuberculosis, in the hope that it may help to improve their expectation of good health. The stranger, and the fatherless and the widow, which are within the gates shall come, and shall eat and be satisfied. Deuteronomy 14:29 This page intentionally left blank Clinical TB-Prelims-cpp.qxd:Master.qxd 11/3/08 07:50 Page vii Contents List of contributors ix Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii PART 1 BACKGROUND 1 The history of tuberculosis from earliest times to the development of drugs 3 Charlotte Roberts and Jane Buikstra 2 Epidemiology 21 Christopher Dye PART 2 PATHOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 3 Genotyping and its implications for transmission dynamics and tuberculosis 45 Charles L Daley 4 Mycobacterium tuberculosis: the organism 65 John M Grange 5 The diagnosis of tuberculosis 79 Neil W Schluger 6 Immunodiagnostic tests 91 Melissa R Nyendak, Deborah A Lewinsohn and David M Lewinsohn 7 Histopathology 105 Sebastian B Lucas 8 Human immune response to tuberculosis 121 Stephan K Schwander and Jerrold J Ellner PART 3 CLINICAL ASPECTS 9 Respiratory tuberculosis 145 Stephen Gordon and Henry Mwandumba 10 Non-respiratory tuberculosis 163 Peter Ormerod 11 Tuberculosis in childhood 189 Delane Shingadia PART 4 TREATMENT 12 Clinical pharmacology of the antituberculosis drugs 205 Charles A Peloquin 13 Chemotherapy including drug-resistant therapy and future developments 225 Wing Wai Yew 14 New developments in treatment 243 Qijiang Chen, William R Bishai and Eric L Nuermberger Clinical TB-Prelims-cpp.qxd:Master.qxd 11/3/08 07:50 Page viii viii Contents 15 International standards for tuberculosis care: integrating tuberculosis care and control 253 Philip C Hopewell, Elizabeth L Fair and Madhukar Pai 16 The surgical management of tuberculosis and its complications 269 Peter Goldstraw 17 Directly observed therapy and other aspects of management of tuberculosis care 287 S Bertel Squire 18 DOTS and DOTS-Plus 299 Sonya Shin, Jaime Bayona and Paul Farmer PART 5 TUBERCULOSIS IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS 19 The association between HIV and tuberculosis in the developing world, with special focus on sub-Saharan Africa 315 Anthony D Harries and Rony Zachariah 20 HIV and TB in industrialized countries 343 Anton Pozniak 21 Tuberculosis and migration 367 Paul Albert and Peter DO Davies PART 6 PREVENTION 22 Preventive therapy 385 Jean-Pierre Zellweger 23 Clinical interpretation of tests for latent tuberculosis infection 393 Victoria J Cook, Mark FitzGerald and Dick Menzies 24 BCG vaccination 411 Hans L Rieder PART 7 CONTROL 25 Control of tuberculosis in low-prevalence countries 431 Daniel Sagebiel 26 Control of tuberculosis in high-prevalence countries 457 Jayant N Banavaliker 27 The role of the specialist TB nurse 481 Susan Jamieson 28 Global Plan to Stop TB 2006–2015 489 Sarah England, Marcos Espinal and Mario Raviglione PART 8 RELATED ASPECTS 29 Environmental mycobacteria 509 John Banks and Ian A Campbell 30 Animal tuberculosis 519 Dirk U Pfeiffer PART 9 CONCLUSIONS 31 Conclusions 531 Peter DO Davies, Peter F Barnes and Stephen Gordon Index 539 Clinical TB-Prelims-cpp.qxd:Master.qxd 11/3/08 07:50 Page ix List of contributors Paul Albert MB ChB Qijian Cheng MD Specialist Registrar Fellow University Hospital Aintree Department of Medicine Liverpool, UK Division of Infectious Diseases Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Jayant N Banavaliker MD DTCD MBA Baltimore, MD, USA; and Senior Consultant in Tuberculosis and Director Currently Instructor in Medicine Rajan Babu Institute of Pulmonary Medicine Department of Pulmonary Disease Delhi, India Ruijin Hospital John Banks MD FRCP Shanghai, PR China Princess of Wales Hospital Victoria J Cook MD FRCPC Bridgend, UK TB Control, BCCDC and University of British Columbia Peter F Barnes Vancouver, BC, Canada Professor of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Charles L Daley Director, Center for Pulmonary and Infectious Disease Control, Head, Division of Mycobacterial and Respiratory Infections The University of Texas Health Center at Tyler Professor of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Tyler, TX, USA Center and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Jaime Bayona MD MPH Denver, CO, USA Department of Social Medicine Peter DO Davies MA DM FRCP Harvard Medical School Professor, Consultant Physician Boston, MA, USA; and Cardiothoracic Centre and University Hospital Aintree Socios En Salud Liverpool, UK Lima, Peru Christopher Dye DPHIL William R Bishai MD PhD Co-ordinator Professor, Co-Director Tuberculosis Monitoring and Evaluation Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and Neglected Tropical Division of Infectious Diseases Diseases Cluster Johns Hopkins School of Medicine World Health Organization Baltimore, MD, USA Geneva, Switzerland Jane Buikstra Jerrold J Ellner MD Professor of Archaeology and Director of the Center for Department of Medicine and Ruy V Lourenco Center for the Bioarchaeological Research Study of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens School of Human Evolution and Social Change University Professor Arizona State University University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Tempe, AZ, USA Newark, NJ, USA Ian A Campbell MD FRCP Sarah England MSc DPhil(oxon) MBA Consultant Chest Physician Technical Officer Llandough Hospital Tobacco Free Initiative Vale of Glamorgan, UK World Health Organization Representative Office Beijing, China
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