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9780521843300pre CUP/CNV October15,2007 10:41 Page-i CLASSICALNOVAE SecondEdition Since the first edition of this book was published, knowledge of nova phenomena has grown significantly. Thisisduetotheadventofnewobservationalfacilities,bothonthegroundandin space,andconsiderableadvancesintheoreticalwork. Thissecondeditionhasbeenfullyupdated andrevised,andcontainsnewcontributionswhichcovertheimportantdevelopmentsinthisfield andreflectoninterestingnewinsightsintoclassicalnovae. Thebookbeginswithahistoricalperspectiveandanoverviewofnovaproperties. Itexamines thermonuclearprocesses,theevolutionofnovasystems,novaatmospheresandwinds,theevolu- tionofdustandmoleculesinnovae,novaremnants,andobservationsofnovaeinothergalaxies. Thebookdetailsknowledgegainedfromobservationsacrosstheelectromagneticspectrum,from radiotogammarays,anddiscussessomeofthemostimportantoutstandingproblemsinclassical novaresearch. Thisistheonlybookdevotedsolelytothestudyofclassicalnovae,andassuchisanimportant referenceforresearchersactivelyengagedinthesubjectandgraduatestudentswhoseekingan introduction. Thecontributorsofthisbookareinternationallyrecognizedexpertsintheirfield, andpresentabalancedmixofobservationandtheory. Michael Bode isProfessorofAstrophysicsatLiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity. Heis a Senior Fellow of the Particle Physics andAstronomy Research Council and Director of the LiverpoolTelescopeproject. Hehasservedonmanyresearchcouncilsandcommitteesandhas beenSecretaryandVicePresidentoftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety. Aneurin Evans isProfessorofAstrophysicsatKeeleUniversity. Hisresearchinterests includethestudyofnovae,‘born-again’systemssuchas‘Sakurai’sObject’,theinterstellarmedium inglobularclusters,andmappingtheGalacticplaneatsub-millimetrewavelengths. 9780521843300pre CUP/CNV October15,2007 10:41 Page-ii CambridgeAstrophysicsSeries Serieseditors AndrewKing,DouglasLin,StephenMaran,JimPringleandMartinWard Titlesavailableinthisseries 10. QuasarAstronomy byD.W.Weedman 18. PlasmaLoopsintheSolarCorona byR.J.Bray,L.E.Cram,C.DurrantandR.E.Loughhead 19. BeamsandJetsinAstrophysics editedbyP.A.Hughes 22. Gamma-rayAstronomy,2ndEdition byP.V.RamanaMurthyandA.W.Wolfendale 24. SolarandStellarActivityCycles byPeterR.Wilson 25. 3K:TheCosmicMicrowaveBackgroundRadiation byR.B.Partridge 26. X-rayBinaries editedbyWalterH.G.Lewin,JanvanParadijsandEdwardP.J.vandenHeuvel 27. RRLyraeStars byHoraceA.Smith 28. CataclysmicVariableStars byBrianWarner 29. TheMagellanicClouds byBengtE.Westerlund 30. GlobularClusterSystems byKeithM.AshmanandStephenE.Zepf 32. AccretionProcessesinStarFormation byLeeHartmann 33. TheOriginandEvolutionofPlanetaryNebulae bySunKwok 34. SolarandStellarMagneticActivity byCarolusJ.SchrijverandCorneliusZwaan 35. TheGalaxiesoftheLocalGroup byStanleyvandenBergh 36. StellarRotation byJean-LouisTassoul 37. ExtremeUltravioletAstronomy byMartinA.BarstowandJayB.Holberg 38. PulsarAstronomy,3rdEdition byAndrewG.LyneandFrancisGraham-Smith 39. CompactStellarX-raySources editedbyWalterLewinandMichielvanderKlis 41. ThePhysicsoftheCosmicMicrowaveBackground byPavelD.Naselsky,DmitryI.NovikovandIgorD.Novikov 42. MolecularCollisionsintheInterstellarMedium,2ndEdition byDavidFlower 43. ClassicalNovae,2ndEdition editedbyMichaelBodeandAneurinEvans 9780521843300pre CUP/CNV October15,2007 10:41 Page-iii C L A S S I C A L N O VA E SecondEdition Editedby MICHAEL F. BODE AstrophysicsResearchInstitute,LiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity ANEURIN EVANS AstrophysicsGroup,KeeleUniversity 9780521843300pre CUP/CNV October15,2007 10:41 Page-iv cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,SãoPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org ©CambridgeUniversityPress2008 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished SecondEdition2008 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata ISBN978-0-521-84330-0hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLs forexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. 9780521843300pre CUP/CNV October15,2007 10:41 Page-v Contents Listofcontributors pagex Prefacetothefirstedition xi Prefacetothesecondedition xiii Listofsymbols xiv 1 Novae: ahistoricalperspective 1 HilmarW.Duerbeck 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitionofnovaeandrelatedstars 1 1.3 Theoriesofnovaeuntilthemidtwentiethcentury 3 1.4 Pre-telescopicdiscoveries,observationsandcatalogues 4 1.5 Moderndiscoveries,observationsandcatalogues 7 1.6 Photometricandspectroscopicpropertiesofnovae 7 1.7 Novaeandrelatedstars 10 1.8 Concludingremarks 12 References 13 2 Propertiesofnovae: anoverview 16 BrianWarner 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 FrequencyandGalacticdistributionofnovae 16 2.3 Lightcurvesduringeruption 17 2.4 Relationshipsamongamplitude,rateofdecline,absolute magnitudeandexpansionvelocity 19 2.5 Spectralevolutionduringeruption 23 2.6 Novaeasclosebinaries 25 2.7 Recurrentnovae 26 2.8 Novaeinquiescenceandbeforeeruption 27 2.9 Magneticnovae 30 2.10 Rapidphotometricoscillationsinnovae 31 2.11 Conclusions 31 References 32 3 Theevolutionofnova-producingbinarystars 34 IckoIbenJr. andMasayukiY.Fujimoto 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Originandevolution: overview 36 v 9780521843300pre CUP/CNV October15,2007 10:41 Page-vi vi Contents 3.3 MeanmasstransferratesinCVsandsymbioticstars 38 3.4 Azeroth-ordermodelforCVevolution 46 3.5 Hydrogen-burningoutburstsandcriticalhelium-layermasses 52 3.6 Over-abundancesofheavyelementsinthecyclicalmodel 59 3.7 Mixingduetorotation-inducedinstabilities 63 3.8 Symbioticstarevolution 66 3.9 RemarksonCVsandsymbioticstarsasTypeIasupernova precursors 72 References 74 4 Thermonuclearprocesses 77 SumnerStarrfield,ChristianIliadisandW.RaphaelHix 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Thethermonuclearrunaway 78 4.3 Initialconditionsfortheoutburst 80 4.4 Theeffectsofthenuclearreactionsandrateson theoutburst 83 4.5 Multi-dimensionalstudiesofthethermonuclearrunaway 92 4.6 NucleosynthesisinCOandONenovae 94 4.7 Massoftheejecta 95 4.8 RelationshipofclassicalnovaetosupernovaeofTypeIa 96 4.9 Summaryanddiscussion 97 References 99 5 Novaatmospheresandwinds 102 PeterH.Hauschildt 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Modelingnovaatmospheresandspectra 103 5.3 Results: theory 105 5.4 Results: comparisonwithobservations 113 5.5 Summaryandconclusions 117 References 120 6 Observationalmysteriesandtheoreticalchallengesfor abundancestudies 121 JordiJoséandStevenN.Shore 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Photo-ionizationanalysisoftheejecta 121 6.3 Dustinnovae: someopenquestions 127 6.4 Multi-dimensionalmodelingofanovaoutburst: progress andprospects 131 6.5 Thenuclearperspective 134 6.6 Closingremarks 137 References 138 9780521843300pre CUP/CNV October15,2007 10:41 Page-vii Contents vii 7 Radioemissionfromnovae 141 E.R.SeaquistandM.F.Bode 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 Natureandmeasurementofradioemissionfromnovae 141 7.3 Radiothermalbremsstrahlungfromanexpandingcloud 142 7.4 Shellkinematics 147 7.5 Discussionofselectedclassicalnovae: firstclassdata 150 7.6 Discussionofselectedclassicalnovae: secondclassdata 159 7.7 Estimatesofdistance,shellmassandkineticenergy 160 7.8 Radioemissionfromrelatedobjects 162 7.9 Concludingremarks 163 References 165 8 Infraredstudiesofclassicalnovae 167 RobertD.Gehrz 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 NovaeexplosionsinthecontextofGalacticchemicalevolution 167 8.3 Theinfraredtemporaldevelopmentofnovae 167 8.4 Determinationofphysicalparameters 171 8.5 Abundancesinnovaejecta 183 8.6 Novagrainproperties 185 8.7 SpitzerSpaceTelescopeobservationsofclassicalnovae 188 8.8 Summaryandconclusions 190 References 191 9 Opticalandultravioletevolution 194 StevenN.Shore 9.1 Introduction 194 9.2 Theultraviolet–opticalconnectionandtheproductionofthevisiblespectrum 195 9.3 Stagesofthespectraldevelopmentandthelightcurve 198 9.4 Structureoftheunresolvedejecta 210 9.5 Massdeterminationsfortheejecta 222 9.6 TheX-rayturn-offseenfromtheultraviolet 223 9.7 Recurrentnovaeasspecialcases 225 9.8 Summary 228 References 230 10 X-rayemissionfromclassicalnovaeinoutburst 232 JoachimKrautter 10.1 Introduction 232 10.2 SourcesofX-rays 233 10.3 X-raylightcurves 234 10.4 Thesoftcomponent 235 10.5 Thehardcomponent 242 10.6 Re-establishmentofaccretion 244 9780521843300pre CUP/CNV October15,2007 10:41 Page-viii viii Contents 10.7 Emissionlinespectra 245 10.8 Short-termvariability 245 10.9 Concludingremarks 249 References 250 11 Gamma-raysfromclassicalnovae 252 MargaritaHernanz 11.1 Introduction 252 11.2 Originofgamma-raysfromnovae 254 11.3 Gamma-rayspectraandlightcurvesofindividualnovae 263 11.4 CumulativeGalacticgamma-rayemissionofnovae 270 11.5 Observations 271 11.6 ObservationswithINTEGRAL 278 11.7 Discussion 279 References 282 12 Resolvednebularremnants 285 T.J.O’BrienandM.F.Bode 12.1 Introduction 285 12.2 Opticalandnear-infraredimagery 286 12.3 Thecombinationofopticalimagingandspectroscopy 294 12.4 Radioimagery 297 12.5 Remnantshaping 299 12.6 GKPersei 301 12.7 Concludingremarks 303 References 306 13 Dustandmoleculesinnovaenvironments 308 A.EvansandJ.M.C.Rawlings 13.1 Introduction 308 13.2 Moleculesinnovaejecta 308 13.3 Observationofdustinnovaejecta 312 13.4 Chemistryinnovawinds 318 13.5 Dustformationandgrowth 325 13.6 The‘chemicaldichotomy’innovadust 327 13.7 Processingofdust 327 13.8 Novaremnants 328 13.9 Isotopicratios 330 13.10 Concludingremarks 331 References 333 14 Extragalacticnovae 335 AllenW.Shafter 14.1 Introductoryremarks 335 14.2 Novapopulations 337 9780521843300pre CUP/CNV October15,2007 10:41 Page-ix Contents ix 14.3 Extragalacticnovarates 345 14.4 Novaeasdistanceindicators 350 14.5 Directionsforfuturestudies 355 References 357 Subjectindex 360 Objectindex 371 9780521843300pre CUP/CNV October15,2007 10:41 Page-x List of contributors M.F.Bode AstrophysicsResearchInstitute,LiverpoolJohnMoores University,Birkenhead,CH411LD,UK HilmarW.Duerbeck VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,Pleinlaan2,B-1050Brussels,Belgium A.Evans AstrophysicsGroup,KeeleUniversity,Keele,Staffordshire, ST55BG,UK MasayukiY.Fujimoto DepartmentofPhysics,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo060-0810, Japan RobertD.Gehrz AstronomyDepartment,UniversityofMinnesota,116Church StreetS.E.,Minneapolis,MN55455,USA PeterH.Hauschildt HamburgerSternwarte,Gojenbergsweg112,21029Hamburg, Germany MargaritaHernanz InstitutdeCieciesdel’Espai(ICE/CSIC)andInstitutd’Estudis EspacialsdeCatalunya(IEEC),CampusUAB,Facultatde Ciències,TorreC5–parell–2aplanta,08193Bellaterra, Barcelona,Spain W.RaphaelHix PhysicsDivision,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,OakRidge, TN37831-6354,USA IckoIbenJr. UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign,IL61801,USA ChristianIliadis DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,UniversityofNorth Carolina,ChapelHill,NC27599-3255,USA JordiJosé DepartamentdeFísicaIEnginyeriaNuclear,Universitat PolitècnicadeCatalunya,SorEulàliad’Anzizus/n,E-08034 Barcelona,Spain JoachimKrautter LandessternwarteKönigstuhl,D-69117Heidelberg,Germany T.J.O’Brien JodrellBankObservatory,SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy, UniversityofManchester,Macclesfield,Cheshire,SK119DL,UK J.M.C.Rawlings DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,UniversityCollege,Gower Street,London,WC1E6BT,UK E.R.Seaquist DepartmentofAstronomyandAstrophysics,Universityof Toronto,Toronto,OntarioM5S1A7,Canada AllenW.Shafter DepartmentofAstronomy,SanDiegoStateUniversity,SanDiego, CA92182,USA StevenN.Shore DipartimentodiFisica‘EnricoFermi’,UniversitàdiPisa, viaBuonarroti2Pisa,I-56127Pisa,Italy SumnerStarrfield SchoolofEarthandSpaceExploration,ArizonaStateUniversity, POBox871404,Tempe,AZ85287-1404,USA BrianWarner DepartmentofAstronomy,UniversityofCapeTown,Rondesbosch 7700,SouthAfrica x