Citizenship, Identity and the Politics of Multiculturalism: The Rise of Muslim Consciousness (Palgrave Politics of Identity and Citizenship)

265 Pages·2010·1.13 MB·English

by  Nasar Meer

Citizenship, Identity and the Politics of Multiculturalism
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Palgrave Politics of Identity and Citizenship Series
Series Editors: Varun Uberoi, University of Oxford; Nasar Meer, University of
Southampton and Tariq Modood, University of Bristol
The politics of identity and citizenship has assumed increasing importance as
our polities have become significantly more culturally, ethnically and religiously
diverse. Different types of scholars, including philosophers, sociologists, political
scientists and historians make contributions to this field and this series show-
cases a variety of innovative contributions to it. Focusing on a range of differ-
ent countries, and utilizing the insights of different disciplines, the series helps
to illuminate an increasingly controversial area of research and titles in it will
be of interest to a number of audiences including scholars, students and other
interested individuals.
Titles include:
Nasar Meer
CITIZENSHIP, IDENTITY AND THE POLITICS OF MULTICULTURALISM
The Rise of Muslim Consciousness
Michel Seymour (editor)
THE PLURAL STATES OF RECOGNITION
Palgrave Politics of Identity and Citizenship Series
Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–24901–1 (hardback)
(outside North America only)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a stand-
ing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the
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Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
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Citizenship, Identity
and the Politics of
Multiculturalism
The Rise of Muslim Consciousness
Nasar Meer
University of Southampton, UK
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© Nasar Meer 2010
Preface © Tariq Modood 2010
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of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2010 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
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ISBN 978–0–230–57666–7 hardback
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To Khizer Mohammed Meer and Ruqia Nissa Meer
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Contents
Foreword: British Muslims: The Struggle for Recognition
Tariq Modood x
Acknowledgements xv
Introduction 1
Chapter outline 5
1 Framing Citizenship 8
Nation-state citizenship 12
British multicultural citizenship 14
A crisis of multiculturalism or Islam and Muslims? 19
Anti-multicultural deja vous? 24
Ignoring Muslims-consciousness in ‘multiculture’? 26
2 Du Bois and Consciousness 31
Hegelian consciousness 33
Teleology, group psyches and multiple dialectics 36
What is double consciousness? 39
‘Enduring hyphenation’? 44
Young’s ‘difference’, Parekh’s ‘diversity’ and
Taylor’s ‘recognition’ 46
Implications 53
3 Conceptualising Muslim-Consciousness:
From Race to Religion? 55
Islam and Muslim-consciousness 58
Is Muslim identity a prescriptive religiosity? 60
Muslim identity as a sociological category 62
The pattern of race-relations 65
Banton’s six orders of race-relations 67
John Rex: status and party 69
‘Race’, racialization and political blackness 71
Testing race during the Rushdie Affair 74
Group-pride, self-definition and ethnicity 77
New ethnicities 79
vii
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viii Contents
4 Local and Global Muslim Identities 81
Islamism and British Muslim ‘radicalism’ and ‘extremism’ 85
The curious fate of the MCB 89
Muslim ‘group’ identity: essentialism and hybridity 91
Islamophobia, anti-Muslim sentiment and cultural racism 101
Implications 104
5 Muslim Schools in Britain: Muslim-Consciousness
in Action 107
The policy context 109
Key data and identity implications 112
Muslim motivations for faith schools 118
Form and structure of schools 126
Government funding and ‘Voluntary Aided’ schooling 129
Considering the charges 131
Muslim school curriculum objectives and social cohesion 138
Pragmatic Muslim-consciousness 141
Impaired civic status? 142
Islamophobia and the security agenda 142
6 Muslims and Discrimination: Muslim-Consciousness
in Re-Action? 144
Anti-discrimination legislation 146
Mandla v. Dowell Lee and Park Grove School 148
Rules of extension and denial: RRA, Public Order Act (POA),
Crime and Disorder Act (CDA) and ‘racial Islamophobia’ 152
Religious aggravation or incitement to religious hatred? 160
Article 13 and the Treaty of Amsterdam 165
Harmonising different commissions and legislation 170
Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) 172
Single Equalities Act (SEA) 175
Implications 177
7 Muslims in Public and Media Discourse 179
Muslims and free speech 180
Race and religion are different phenomena 181
Designed to placate angry labour Muslims 182
Extremists and freedom of speech 183
Importation or reference to European discourses 184
‘Islamic Terrorism’ 186
Divides loyalties 187
Inassimilable and problematic 190
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Contents ix
The emergence of a British Muslim press 194
Implications 197
8 Towards a Synthesised Muslim-Consciousness 198
Impaired Muslim-consciousness 200
Reactive Muslim-consciousness 200
Pragmatic Muslim-consciousness 201
Synthesized Muslim-consciousness 202
The new research agenda of ‘Radical Muslim-consciousness’ 202
Notes 206
Bibliography 221
Index 246
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