Ciba Foundation Symposium 127 - Filariasis

314 Pages·11.974 MB·English

FlLARlASlS
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127
Ciba Foundation Symposium
4 -j
Q3
A Wiley - Interscience Publication
1987
JOHN WlLEY 8, SONS
Chichester . New York . Brisbane . Toronto . Singapore
0C iba Foundation 1987
Published in 1987 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK.
Suggested series entry for library catalogues:
Ciba Foundation Symposia
Ciba Foundation Symposium 127
x +305 pages, 57 figures, 12 tables
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data :
Filariasis.
(Ciba Foundation symposium ; 127)
'A Wiley-Interscience publication.'
Includes indexes.
1. Filariasis-Congresses. I. Ciba Foundation.
11. Series.
RC142.5. F55 1987 616.9'652 86-28154
ISBN 0 471 91093 7
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data :
Fi1ariasis.-(Ciba Foundation Symposium ; 127)
1. Filariasis
I. Ciba Foundation 11. Series
616.9'652 RC142.5
ISBN 0 471 91093 7
Printed and bound in Great Britain.
Contents
Symposium on Filariasis, held in Singapore, 14-16 May 1986
Editors: David Evered (Organizer) and Sarah Clark
E. A. Ottesen Introduction 1
J. W. Mak Epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis 5
Discussion 11
F. Partono The spectrum of disease in lymphatic filariasis 15
Discussion 27
B. A. Southgate Some unsolved problems in the epidemiology of
onchocerciasis 32
Discussion 40
C. D. Mackenzie, J. F. Williams, R. H. Guderian and J. O’Day Clinical
responses in human onchocerciasis: parasitological and immunological
implications 46
Discussion 67
General discussion I Clinical development of filarial disease 73
V. Zaman Scanning electron microscopy of Brugia malayi 77
Discussion 90
R. E. Howells Dynamics of the filarial surface 94
Discussion 102
B. K-L. Sim, J. Shah, D. F. Wirth and W. F. Piessens Characterization of the
filarial genome 107
Discussion 120
R. M. E. Parkhouse, Z. Cabrera and W. Harnett Onchocerca antigens in
protection, diagnosis and pathology 125
Discussion 141
V
VI CONTENTS
J. F. Williams, H. W. Ghalib, C. D. Mackenzie, M. Y. Elkhalifa, J. M. Ayuya
and M. A. Kron Cell adherence to microfilariae of Unchocerca volvulus: a
comparative study 146
Discussion 158
W. F. Piessens, A. A. Wadee and L. Kurniawan Regulation of immune
responses in lymphatic filariasis 164
Discussion 173
N. Weiss and M. Karam Humoral immune responses in human
onchocerciasis: detection of serum antibodies in early infections 180
Discussion 188
R. M. Maizels, M. E. Selkirk, I. Sutanto and F. Partono Antibody responses
to human lymphatic filarial parasites 189
Discussion 200
S. Dissanayake and M. M. Ismail Immunodiagnosis of bancroftian
filariasis 203
Discussion 213
D. A. Denham and C. Fletcher The cat infected with Brugia pahangi as a
model of human filariasis 225
Discussion 231
B. M. Greene Primate model for onchocerciasis research 236
Discussion 240
General discussion I1 Ocular lesions in onchocerciasis 244
D. Subrahmanyam Antifilarials and their mode of action 246
Discussion 259
E. A. Ottesen Description, mechanisms and control of reactions to treatment
in the human filariases 265
Discussion 279
Final general discussion Protective immunity 284
E. A. Ottesen Summary 291
Index of contributors 294
Subject index 296
Participants
D. B. Copeman Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James
Cook University, Townsville, North Queensland, Australia 4811
D. A. Denham London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, London WClE 7HT, UK
S. Dissanayake Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
A. Ewert Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Medical
Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77550-2782, USA
K. Forsyth Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 387,
Madang, Papua New Guinea
B. M. Greene Division of Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine,
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals,
Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
B. C. Harinath Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of
Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Maharashtra, India 442102
R. E. Howells Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical
Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 SQA, UK
R. Hussain Department of Microbiology, Aga Khan Hospital and Medical
College, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi 5, Pakistan
M. M. Ismail Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of
Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
J. J. Jaffe Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, College of
Medicine, Given Building, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
T. R. Klei Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, School
of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana 70803-8416, USA
vii
viii PARTICIPANTS
C. D. Mackenzie Wolfson Tropical Pathology Unit, London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WClE 7HT, UK
R. M. Maizels Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Imperial College of
Science and Technology, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BB, UK
J. W. Mak Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
E. A. Ottesen (Chairman) Department of Health and Human Services,
Clinical Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases and
Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Building 10, Room 11C-108, National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
R. M. E. Parkhouse Division of Immunology, National Institute for Medical
Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 lAA, UK
F. Partono Department of Parasitology, University of Indonesia, Jakarta,
Indonesia
W. F. Piessens Department of Tropical Public Health, Harvard School of
Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 021 15,
USA
B. K-L. Sim Department of Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of
Research, Washington, District of Columbia 20307, USA
B. A. Southgate London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, London WClE 7HT, UK
D. Subrahmanyam R 1056.3.16, CIBA-GEIGY Ltd, CH 4002 Basle,
Switzerland
D. Wakelin Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham, University
Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
N. Weiss Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57,
CH 4051 Basel. Switzerland
J. F. Williams NIH-SUDAN Medical Parasitology Research Project, A-22
Veterinary Clinical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
Michigan 48824, USA
PARTICIPANTS ix
V. Zaman Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National
University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore. 0511
Novartis Foundation Symposium
Edited by David Evered, Sarah Clark
Copyright 0 1987 by Ciba Foundation
lntroduc tion
Eric A. Ottesen
National lnstitute of Allergy and lnfectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
7987 Filariasis. Wiley, Chichester (Ciba Foundation Symposium 127) p 1-4
‘Filariasis’ is an extremely broad topic for a single symposium, not just because
it encompasses eight distinct species of parasites producing disease in humans
( Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Onchocerca volvulus,
Loa Lou, Dipetalonema streptocerca, Mansonella ozzardi, Mansonella perstans)
but also because its study requires participation by at least an equal number of
‘species’ of biomedical scientists (biochemists, epidemiologists, human physi-
cians, immunologists, molecular biologists, parasitologists, pharmacologists
and veterinary physicians)-all, incidentally, represented at this symposium.
This complexity notwithstanding, it is clear that filariasis today is in a phase of
rapid acceleration in both our acquisition of knowledge and our increase in
understanding. Since this acceleration has not been restricted to any one
discipline, it is particularly appropriate now to take stock of these advances so
that appropriate goals and priorities for the future can be more effectively
visualized.
Borrowing a typical organization from medical textbooks, one can clearly
pinpoint some of the major problems that have faced ‘filariologists’ for decades
and on which we must focus during this symposium.
(1) Aetiology. Getting to know these parasites has been especially difficult
because most (including W. bancrofti and 0.v olvulus, the two most important)
cannot be maintained in laboratory animals. Thus, only limited amounts of
parasite material have been available for study, and techniques for defining and
differentiating substrains or even subspecies and species have been slow to
develop. Even the lifespans of the different parasites and different stages of
each parasite are not well defined. Furthermore, for some of the less common
filarial infections it is not even certain where the adult parasites reside, and
there is essentially no information on how the parasites migrate and mate
during the long prepatent periods of these infections.