Chronic Poverty: Concepts, Causes and Policy

324 Pages·2013·1.579 MB·English

by  Andrew Shepherd, Julia Brunt (eds.)

Rethinking International Development Series
Series Editors:
Andy Sumner, Fellow of the Vulnerability and Poverty Research Team, Institute
of Development Studies, UK.
Ray Kiely, Professor of International Politics, Queen Mary University of London,
UK.
Palgrave Macmillan is delighted to announce a new series dedicated to p ublishing
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Titles include:
David Alexander Clark
ADAPTATION, POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
The Dynamics of Subjective Well-Being
Simon Feeny and Matthew Clarke
THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND BEYOND
International Assistance to the Asia-Pacific
Niamh Gaynor
TRANSFORMING PARTICIPATION?
The Politics of Development in Malawi and Ireland
Caroline Harper, Nicola Jones, Ronald U. Mendoza, David Stewart and
Erika Strand (editors)
CHILDREN IN CRISIS
Seeking Child-Sensitive Policy Responses
Xiaoming Huang, Alex C. Tan and Sekhar Bandyopadhyay (editors)
CHINA AND INDIA AND THE END OF DEVELOPMENT MODELS
Sue Kenny and Matthew Clarke (editors)
CHALLENGING CAPACITY BUILDING
Comparative Perspectives
Erik Lundsgaarde (editor)
AFRICA TOWARD 2030
Challenges for Development Policy
Sara C. Motta and Alf Gunvald Nilsen (editors)
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH
Dispossession, Development and Resistance
Eric Rugraff, Diego Sánchez-Ancochea and Andy Sumner (editors)
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY
Critical Perspectives
Rachel Sabates-Wheeler and Rayah Feldman (editors)
MIGRATION AND SOCIAL PROTECTION
Claiming Social Rights Beyond Borders
Andrew Shepherd and Julia Brunt (editors)
CHRONIC POVERTY
Concepts, Causes and Policy
Jens Stilhoff Sörensen (editor)
CHALLENGING THE AID PARADIGM
Western Currents and Asian Alternatives
Andy Sumner and Meera Tiwari
AFTER 2015: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY AT A CROSSROADS
Katie Wright
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN WELLBEING
Rethinking International Development Series
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Chronic Poverty
Concepts, Causes and Policy
Edited by
Andrew Shepherd
Director, Chronic Poverty Advisory Network, Overseas Development Institute,
London, UK
and
Julia Brunt
Programme and Uptake Manager, Effective States and Inclusive Development
Research Centre, Brooks World Poverty Institute, The University of Manchester, UK
Editorial matter and selection © Andrew Shepherd and Julia Brunt 2013
Individual chapters © Contributors 2013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-57934-7
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
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permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
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may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
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work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2013 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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ISBN 978-1-349-36800-6 ISBN 978-1-137-31670-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137316707
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Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India.
Contents
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes vii
Preface and Acknowledgements: ‘going that extra mile’ x
Notes on Contributors xii
List of Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction 1
Karen Moore and Julia Brunt
2 An Evolving Framework for Understanding
and Explaining Chronic Poverty 7
Andrew Shepherd
3 Understanding Poverty Dynamics and
Economic Mobility 38
Bob Baulch
4 The Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty:
An Overview 60
Kate Bird
5 Does Vulnerability Create Poverty Traps? 85
Armando Barrientos
6 Assets and Chronic Poverty 112
Andy McKay
7 Adverse Incorporation, Social Exclusion, and
Chronic Poverty 134
Sam Hickey and Andries du Toit
8 Violent Conflict and Chronic Poverty 160
Tony Addison, Kathryn Bach and Tim Braunholtz-Speight
9 Low Accumulation, High Vulnerability, and Greater
Exclusion: Why the Chronically Poor Cannot Escape
Poverty in Bangladesh, or Elsewhere in South Asia 183
Binayak Sen and Zulfiqar Ali
10 Understanding Youth Life-Course Poverty in Ethiopia 208
Yisak Tafere
v
vi Contents
11 Policies to Address Chronic Poverty in India 223
Aasha Kapur Mehta, Amita Shah, Trishna Satpathy,
Shashanka Bhide and Anand Kumar
12 Chronic Poverty in Uganda: Lessons from 10 Years
of Research and Policy Engagement 246
Charles Lwanga-Ntale
13 Conclusion and Policy Implications 270
Andrew Shepherd
Index 283
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
Figures
2.1 The chronically poor, transitorily poor, and nonpoor:
a categorisation 9
2.2 Ideal-type patterns of livelihood trajectory, example 1 10
2.3 Ideal-type patterns of livelihood trajectory, example 2 11
2.4 Chronic poverty: the conceptual framework in context 23
2.5 Addressing chronic poverty: the other side of the coin 24
3.1 Contour plot for Vietnam, 2002–06 40
3.2 Poverty hazard function, Vietnam, 2002–06
(probability of escaping poverty over time) 42
3.3 Mobility profile for rural Bangladesh, 1996–2007 53
3.4 Mobility profiles with alternative ranking variables 54
4.1 Household level factors influencing IGT of poverty 63
4.2 The short- and long-term effects of early nutrition 67
4.3 Malnutrition during the life course 68
4.4 Investing in resilience during the life course 77
5.1 Recovering from a shock-induced drop in consumption 93
5.2 Nonlinear income dynamics and poverty traps 94
5.3 The capability approach and vulnerability 103
6.1 Assets and livelihood options 124
6.2 Asset dynamics and the dynamic asset poverty line 125
11.1 P ercentage distribution of sample households, between
1970–1 and 1981–2 and 1981–2 and 1998–9 228
13.1 The pro-poor growth ‘golden triangle’ 273
Tables
2.1 P overty dynamics and policy analysis: some examples 14
3.1 Poverty transition matrix for Vietnam, 2002–06
(number of households) 39
vii
viii List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
3.2 E xtended poverty transition matrix for Vietnam,
2002–06 (numbers of households) 41
3.3 Tracking and attrition in the CPRC-DATA-IFPRI
Bangladesh Panel 44
3.4 Poverty transitions in Vietnam adjusted for
measurement error, 2002–06 (number of households) 46
3.5 Common life trajectories patterns 49
3.6 Comparing quantitative and qualitative poverty
dynamics categories (P = poor; N = non-poor) 50
3.7 Sequential reduction of mismatches between
quantitative and qualitative poverty dynamics,
rural Bangladesh 51
5.1 Vulnerability in operational measures of chronic poverty 89
5.2 Recovery from an initial fall in expenditure
(percentage of h ouseholds) 92
7.1 Framing AISE 140
9.1 Asset base and income by dynamic poverty
group, 1987–2000 188
9.2 Returns to labour and extent of involvement in high-
productivity activities by income group – rural areas,
1999/2000 191
9.3 Comparison of endowments by different income
group – rural areas, 1999/00 192
9.4 Self-reported reasons for ‘deterioration in economic
wellbeing over the past decade’, 1987/88–2000
(multiple responses) 195
9.5 Rickshaw pullers’ daily income, by years
rickshaw pulled 197
9.6 Crises faced by sample rickshaw pullers during the
past five years 198
10.1 Educational level of youth in four communities 214
10.2 O bligations and expectations between parents
and children 215
11.1 Transition matrix of poverty, 1970–81 (%) 228
11.2 Transition matrix of poverty, 1981–98 (%) 228
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes ix
11.3 Transition matrix of poverty, 1970–98 (%) 229
12.1 N umber of people below the poverty line in Uganda
by sector in 1999/2000 and 2002/3 248
12.2 T he budget share of key sectors of the
economy – 2000/1–2006/7 250
Boxes
2.1 P olicy implications of national poverty composition 12
2.2 F ertility decline in Bangladesh 26
2.3 A dverse incorporation of national risk and vulnerability 28
2.4 F ramework for analysing ‘crisis states’ 30
11.1 P overty line – unrealistically low? 224
11.2 B ackward areas, chronic poverty, and extremist conflicts 225
11.3 T wo cases of farmer suicide 235
12.1 E xamples illustrating how the poorest may be excluded
from agricultural programmes 256