Chemokine Protocols

349 Pages·2000·2.424 MB·English

by  Jens-M. Schröder (auth.), Amanda E. I. Proudfoot, Timothy N. C. Wells, Christine A. Power (eds.)

Chemokine Protocols
M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM
John M. Walker, SERIES EDITOR
161.Cytoskeleton Methods and Protocols, edited by Ray H. 131.Flavoprotein Protocols, edited by S. K. Chapman and G. A.
Gavon, 2001 Reid, 1999
160.Nuclease Methods and Protocols, edited by Catherine H. 130.Transcription Factor Protocols, edited by Martin J. Tymms,
Schein, 2000 2000
159.Amino Acid Analysis Protocols, edited by Catherine Cooper, 129.Integrin Protocols, edited by Anthony Howlett, 1999
Nicole Packer, and Keith Williams, 2000 128.NMDA Protocols, edited by Min Li, 1999
158.Gene Knockoout Protocols,edited by Martin J. Tymms and 127.Molecular Methods in Developmental Biology: Xenopusand
Ismail Kola, 2000 Zebrafish, edited by Matthew Guille, 1999
157.Mycotoxin Protocols, edited by Mary W. Trucksess and Albert 126.Adrenergic Receptor Protocols, edited by Curtis A. Machida, 2000
E. Pohland, 2000 125.Glycoprotein Methods and Protocols: The Mucins,edited by
156.Antigen Processing and Presentation Protocols, edited by Anthony P. Corfield, 2000
Joyce C. Solheim, 2000 124.Protein Kinase Protocols, edited by Alastair D. Reith, 2000
155.Adipose Tissue Protocols, edited by Gérard Ailhaud, 2000 123.In Situ Hybridization Protocols (2nd ed.), edited by Ian A.
154.Connexin Methods and Protocols, edited by Roberto Bruzzone Darby, 2000
and Christian Giaume, 2000 122.Confocal Microscopy Methods and Protocols, edited by
153. Neuropeptide Y Protocols, edited by Ambikaipakan Stephen W. Paddock, 1999
Balasubramaniam, 2000 121. Natural Killer Cell Protocols: Cellular and Molecular
152.DNA Repair Protocols: Prokaryotic Systems, edited by Patrick Methods,edited by Kerry S. Campbell and Marco Colonna, 2000
Vaughan, 2000 120.Eicosanoid Protocols, edited by Elias A. Lianos, 1999
151.Matrix Metalloproteinase Protocols, edited by Ian M. Clark, 119.Chromatin Protocols, edited by Peter B. Becker, 1999
2000 118.RNA–Protein Interaction Protocols, edited by Susan R.
150.Complement Methods and Protocols, edited by B. Paul Morgan, Haynes, 1999
2000 117.Electron Microscopy Methods and Protocols, edited by M.
149.The ELISA Guidebook,edited by John R. Crowther, 2000 A. Nasser Hajibagheri, 1999
148.DNA–Protein Interactions: Principles and Protocols (2nd 116.Protein Lipidation Protocols, edited by Michael H. Gelb, 1999
ed.), edited by Tom Moss, 2000 115.Immunocytochemical Methods and Protocols (2nd ed.), ed-
147.Affinity Chromatography: Methods and Protocols, edited by ited by Lorette C. Javois, 1999
Pascal Bailon, George K. Ehrlich, Wen-Jian Fung, and 114.Calcium Signaling Protocols, edited by David G. Lambert, 1999
Wolfgang Berthold, 2000 113.DNA Repair Protocols: Eukaryotic Systems, edited by Daryl
146.Protein and Peptide Analysis: New Mass Spectrometric S. Henderson, 1999
Applications, edited by John R. Chapman, 2000 112.2-D Proteome Analysis Protocols,edited by Andrew J. Link, 1999
145.Bacterial Toxins: Methods and Protocols, edited by Otto 111.Plant Cell Culture Protocols, edited by Robert D. Hall, 1999
Holst, 2000 110.Lipoprotein Protocols, edited by Jose M. Ordovas, 1998
144.Calpain Methods and Protocols, edited by John S. Elce, 2000 109.Lipase and Phospholipase Protocols, edited byMark H.
143. Protein Structure Prediction: Methods and Protocols, Doolittle and Karen Reue, 1999
edited by David Webster, 2000 108.Free Radical and Antioxidant Protocols, edited by Donald
142.Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Protocols, edited by Armstrong, 1998
Philip H. Howe, 2000 107.Cytochrome P450 Protocols, edited by Ian R. Phillips and
141.Plant Hormone Protocols, edited by Gregory A. Tucker and Elizabeth A. Shephard, 1998
Jeremy A. Roberts, 2000 106.Receptor Binding Techniques,edited by Mary Keen, 1999
140.Chaperonin Protocols, edited by Christine Schneider,2000 105.Phospholipid Signaling Protocols, edited by Ian M. Bird, 1998
139.Extracellular Matrix Protocols, edited by Charles Streuli and 104.Mycoplasma Protocols, edited by Roger J. Miles and Robin
Michael Grant,2000 A. J. Nicholas, 1998
138.Chemokine Protocols, edited by Amanda E. I. Proudfoot, Timothy 103.PichiaProtocols,edited by David R. Higgins and James M.
N. C. Wells, and Christine Power, 2000 Cregg,1998
137.Developmental Biology Protocols, Volume III, edited by 102.Bioluminescence Methods and Protocols,edited by Robert
Rocky S. Tuan and Cecilia W. Lo, 2000 A. LaRossa, 1998
136.Developmental Biology Protocols, Volume II, edited by 101.Mycobacteria Protocols,edited by Tanya Parish and Neil G.
Rocky S. Tuan and Cecilia W. Lo, 2000 Stoker, 1998
135.Developmental Biology Protocols, Volume I, edited by Rocky 100.Nitric Oxide Protocols, edited by Michael A. Titheradge,1998
S. Tuan and Cecilia W. Lo, 2000 99.Stress Response: Methods and Protocols, edited by Stephen
134.T Cell Protocols: Development and Activation, edited by Kelly M. Keyse, 2000
P. Kearse, 2000 98.Forensic DNA Profiling Protocols, edited by Patrick J. Lin-
133.Gene Targeting Protocols, edited by Eric B. Kmiec, 2000 coln and James M. Thomson,1998
132.Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols, edited by Stephen 97.Molecular Embryology: Methods and Protocols,edited by
Misener and Stephen A. Krawetz, 2000 Paul T. Sharpe and Ivor Mason,1999
M E T H O D S I N M O L E C U L A R B I O L O G YTM
Chemokine
Protocols
Edited by
Amanda E. I. Proudfoot
Timothy N. C. Wells
and
Christine A. Power
Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute,
Geneva, Switzerland
Humana Press Totowa, New Jersey
© 2000 Humana Press Inc.
999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208
Totowa, New Jersey 07512
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise
without written permission from the Publisher. Methods in Molecular Biology™ is a trademark of The
Humana Press Inc.
All authored papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.
This publication is printed on acid-free paper. (cid:39)
ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials.
Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary.
For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or information about other Humana titles, contact
Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel.: [phone]; Fax: [phone];
E-mail: [email protected]; Website: http://humanapress.com
Photocopy Authorization Policy:
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific
clients, is granted by Humana Press Inc., provided that the base fee of US $10.00 per copy, plus US $00.25
per page, is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923.
For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of
payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Humana Press Inc. The fee code for users of the Transactional
Reporting Service is: [0-89603-722-3 (hardcover)/00 $10.00 + $00.25].
Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Chemokine protocols / edited by Amanda E. I. Proudfoot, Timothy N. C. Wells,
and Christine Power
p. cm. --(Methods in molecular biology ; 138)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-89603-722-3 (alk. paper)
1. Chemokine--Research--Methodology. I. Proudfoot, Amanda E. I. II. Wells,
Timothy N. C. III. Power, Christine. IV. Mehtods in molecular biology (Clifton, NJ);
138
[DNLM: 1. Chemokines--analysis. 2. Chemokines--physiology. 3. Receptors,
Chemokine--analysis. 4. Receptors, Chemokine--physiology. QW 568 c5155 2000]
QE185.8.C45 C47 2000
616.07’9--dc21
99-058331
Preface
The chemokines family of small proteins are involved in numerous bio-
logical processes ranging from hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and basal leu-
kocyte trafficking to the extravasation and tissue infiltration of leukocytes
in response to inflammatory agents, tissue damage, and bacterial or viral
infection. Chemokines exert their effects through a family of seven G-protein
coupled transmembrane receptors. Worldwide interest in the chemokine field
surged dramatically early in 1996, with the finding that certain chemokine
receptors were the elusive coreceptors, required along with CD4, for HIV
infection.
Today, though over 40 human chemokines have been described, the num-
ber of chemokine receptors lags behind—only 17 human chemokine receptors
have been identified so far. What has emerged over the years is that most
chemokine receptors bind several distinct ligands, and indeed the majority of
chemokines are able to bind to multiple chemokine receptors, explaining to
some extent the apparent disparity in the numbers of chemokines and recep-
tors. Yet in spite of the apparent redundancy in chemokine/chemokine recep-
tor interactions, it is clear that in vivo, spatial, temporal, and indeed cell- and
tissue-specific expression of both chemokines and their receptors are impor-
tant factors in determining the precise nature of cellular infiltrates in physi-
ological and pathological processes.
Understanding chemokines and chemokine receptor biology requires a
melange of research activities in many different disciplines including mo-
lecular biology, protein chemistry, and immunology. The aim of Chemokine
Protocols is to make readily available, in one volume, the principal tech-
niques used by leading researchers in the chemokine field. We have attempted
to cover all aspects of chemokine biology ranging from the cloning and char-
acterization of chemokines and their receptors, through to the use of animal
models to study chemokine function in vivo.Each chapter also includes rel-
evant background information, as well as providing a useful bibliography
for more detailed analysis, making the study of chemokines accessible at all
levels of experience.
v
vi Preface
The editors would like to thank Ms. Nadine Huber for her excellent assis-
tance with the preparation of the manuscripts, and Serono Pharmaceutical
Research Institute for covering the cost of the color artwork. We would also
thank Dr. Manuel Peitsch and Dr. Jeff Shaw for molecular modeling.
Amanda E. I. Proudfoot
Timothy N. C. Wells
Christine A. Power
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................v
Contributors.....................................................................................................xi
1 Purification of Chemokines from Natural Sources
Jens-M. Schröder...................................................................................1
2 Cloning of Novel Chemokines Using a Signal Sequence
Trap Method
Toshio Imai...........................................................................................11
3 Chemokine Expression in Insect Cells
Toshio Imai...........................................................................................23
4 Expression of Chemokines in Escherichia coli
Michael D. Edgerton, Lars-Ole Gerlach, Thomas P. Boesen,
and Bernard Allet............................................................................33
5 Expression of Chemokines in the Periplasmic Space
ofE. coli
Jochen Pfirstinger and Matthias Mack.............................................41
6 Synthesis of Chemokines
Ian Clark-Lewis....................................................................................47
7 Identification of Novel Chemokines from Expressed
Sequence Tag Databases
Timothy N. C. Wells and Manuel C. Peitsch.....................................65
8 Purification of Recombinant Chemokines from E. coli
Amanda E. I. Proudfoot and Frédéric Borlat....................................75
9 Chemokine Receptor Cloning
Philip M. Murphy..................................................................................89
10 Generation of Stable Cell Lines Expressing Chemokine Receptors
Christine A. Power and Alexandra Meyer.........................................99
11 Modified Microchemotaxis Assays
Dennis D. Taub...................................................................................105
12 Transwell Chemotaxis
Paul D. Ponath, Juan Wang, and Heidi Heath................................113
vii
viii Contents
13 Endothelial Cell Chemotaxis Assays
Darcey Black......................................................................................121
14 Radiolabeled Chemokine Binding Assays
Bruce L. Daugherty, Salvatore J. Siciliano,
and Martin S. Springer..................................................................129
15 Scintillation Proximity Binding Assay
Sami Alouani......................................................................................135
16 Calcium Mobilization
Raphaële Buser and Amanda E. I. Proudfoot................................143
17 Actin Polymerization
Jörn Elsner and Alexander Kapp.....................................................149
18 Reactive Oxygen Release
Jörn Elsner and Alexander Kapp.....................................................153
19 Histamine Release
Michael A. Lett-Brown and Rafeul Alam.........................................157
20 Measurement of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Activity
Stephen G. Ward................................................................................163
21 Glycosaminoglycan Binding Assays
Arlene J. Hoogewerf and Gabriele S. V. Kuschert........................173
22 CFU-A Assay for Measurement of the Antiproliferative Effects
of Chemokines on Murine Early Hemopoietic Progenitors
Gerard J. Graham and Mary G. Freshney.......................................179
23 Downmodulation and Recycling of Chemokine Receptors
Matthias Mack and Detlef Schlöndorff............................................191
24 Analysis of Chemokine Receptor Endocytosis and Recycling
Nathalie Signoret and Mark Marsh..................................................197
25 Chemokine Inhibition of HIV Infection
Jacqueline D. Reeves and Graham Simmons................................209
26 The Production of Chemokine Specific Monoclonal Antibodies:
Chemokine RANTES
Peter J. Nelson...................................................................................223
27 Monoclonal Antibodies to Chemokine Receptors
Paul D. Ponath, Nassim Kassam and Shixin Qin..........................231
28 Targeted Expression of Chemokines In Vivo
Iqbal Grewal, Long Gu, Susan Tseng,
and Barrett J. Rollins....................................................................243
Contents ix
29 Chemokine Knockout Mice
Marc E. Rothenberg...........................................................................253
30 Chemokine Receptor Knockout Mice
Ji-Liang Gao and Philip M. Murphy.................................................259
31 Measurement of Eosinophil Accumulation In Vivo
Maria-Jesus Sanz, Peter J. Jose, and Timothy J. Williams.........275
32 Murine Model of Allergic Lung Inflammation
Sami Alouani, Pierre Juillard, and Yolande Chvatchko...............285
33 Murine Models of Airway Inflammation
Emma M. Campbell and Nicholas W. Lukacs................................295
34 Rat Models of Respiratory Inflammation
Andrew S. McWilliam and Patrick G. Holt......................................303
35 Murine Model of Crescentic Nephritis
Clare Lloyd and Jose-Carlos Gutierrez-Ramos.............................311
36 Rabbit Models of Pneumonia, Peritoneal Sepsis,
and Lung Injury
Charles W. Frevert, Gustavo Matute-Bello,
and Thomas R. Martin...................................................................319
Index............................................................................................................331