Chemistry of Aquatic Systems: Local and Global Perspectives

534 Pages·1994·16.29 MB·English

by  Werner Stumm (auth.)

Chemistry of Aquatic Systems: Local and Global Perspectives
EURO
COURSES
A series devoted to the publication of courses and educational seminars
organized by the Joint Research Centre lspra, as part of its education and
training program.
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CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Volume 5
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Chemistry of
Aquatic Systems:
Local and
Global Perspectives
Edited by
Giovanni Bidoglio
Commission of the·European Communities,
Joint Research Centre, Environment Institute,
lspra, Italy
and
Werner Stumm
Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology,
EAWAG, DIJbendorf,
Switzerland
'~·'
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Based on the lectures given during the Eurocourse on
'Chemistry of Aquatic Systems: Local and Global Perspectives'
held at the Joint Research Centre, lspra, ltaly, September 27-0ctober 1, 1993
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chellstry of aquatlc syste1s local and global perspecttves 1 ed1ted
by Gtovannl 8\dogllo and Werner Stu11.
p. CI. -- (Eurocourses. Che•lcal and envlron•ental science :
v. 5)
"Based an the lectures g\ven durlng the Eurocourse on 'CheiiJStry
of Aquatlc Syste•s: Local and Global Perspecttves, · held at the
..Jo lnt Research Centre lspra, It a 1y . Septe1ber 27-0ctober 1. 1993. "
Inc ludes index.
ISBN 978-90-481-4410-5 ISBN 978-94-017-1024-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1024-4
1. Water cheiiStry--Congresses. I. Bldogllo, GlovannJ.
II. Stu••· Herner, 1924- . III. Ser1es: Euro courses. Chelllcal
and envlron•ental sclence : v. 5.
GB855.C48 1994
551. 48--dc20 94-15441
ISBN 978-90-481-4410-5
Publication arrangements by
Commission of the European Communities
Directorate-General Telecommunications, lnformation Industrias and lnnovation,
Scientific and Technical Communication Unit, Luxembourg
EUR 15632
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the
Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.
Printed on acid-free paper
Ali Rights Reserved
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................................................... vii
Contributors .................................................................................................................................... ix
I. Atmosphere· Rock· Water Interactions
1. Acquisition of Solutes and Regulation of the Composition of Natural Waters ....... 1
Werner Stumm
2. Regulation of Drainage Water Composition by Biotic Processes in Terrestrial
Ecosystems ............................................................................................................................... 33
Nico van Breemen
3. Aquatic Carbonate Systems: Chemical Processes in Natural Waters and Global
Cycles........................................................................................................................................ 47
R. WollastandJ.P. Vanderborght
4. Modeling of Heterogeneous Chemistry in the Global Troposphere ........................... 73
los Lelieveld
ll. Metals, Nutrients and Organic Carbon
5. Biogeochemistry of Organic Matter in Coastal Ocean Waters .................................... 97
G. Cauwet and A. Saliot
6. Microbial Transformation of Metals in Relation to the Biogeochemical Cycle ...... 121
F. Baldi
7. Metal Speciation: Concepts, Analysis and Effects ......................................................... 153
Laura Sigg and Hanbin Xue
8. Light-Induced Processes in the Aquatic Environment ................................................... 183
Barbara Sulzberger and Stephan I. Hug
9. Trace Metal/Phytoplankton Interactions in the Sea........................................................ 213
William G. Sunda
10. Optical Remote Sensing of Marine Ecosystems: Bio-Geochemical Implications
of Ocean Colour, Marine Productivity and Atmospheric Interactions ....................... 249
C.N. Murray and V. Barale
vi
ill. The Solid-Water Interface
11. Reactions at the Mineral-Water Interface ......................................................................... 273
L. Charlet
12. Surface Processes in Water Technology ........................................................................... 307
Steven A. Banwart
IV. Transformation, Degradation and Transport of Pollutants.
Spatial and Temporal Scaling
13. Sources and Reactivity ofReductants Encountered in Aquatic Environments........ 337
Alan T. Stone, Kathy L. Godtfredsen and Baolin Deng
14. Abiotic Transfonnation Pathways of Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems . 375
Eric 1. Weber
15. Coupled Processes in Reaction-Flow Transport of Contaminants .............................. 403
Giovanni Bidoglio
16. Scale Effects in the Transport of Contaminants in Natural Media ............................. 433
Ph. Behra
17. Modeling the Hydrologic and Biogeochemical Response of a Catchment Area
to Anthropogenic Inputs ....................................................................................................... 465
Tomas Paces
18. Spectral Properties of Soils and the Use of Optical Remote Sensing Systems for
Soil Erosion Mapping ............................................................................................................ 497
Joachim Hill
Index.................................................................................................................................................. 527
PREFACE
Aquatic systems play a salient role in the complex processes of energy and matter exchange
between the geosphere and the atmosphere. For example, reactions taking place in cloud water
droplets can substantially alter the atmospheric budget and chemistry of trace gases; pollution
induced weathering reactions at water/soil interfaces can affect the availability of nutrients and
increase the concentration of potentially toxic metals in groundwaters. Moreover, the
inextricable links between the water cycle, the geosphere and the atmosphere ensure that
apparently localized environmental problems have increasingly impacts in other parts of the
world. To identify local-to-global scale variables associated with environmental changes, a
focus must be placed on the recognition of processes, rather than a continued reliance on
monitoring state variables. However, in heterogeneous aquatic systems, small scale aspects of
a process under observation may not be summed directly to obtain regional estimates because
of process nonlinearities with change in scale. To understand this, the integrated use of
measurements across a range of scales is required.
The objectives of this book are:
1) to illustrate how land, water and atmosphere are coupled by hydrogeochemical cycles and
how these cycles influence the chemistry of natural waters;
2) to strengthen our understanding of the cycling of nutrients, metals and organic carbon in
marine and lacustrine systems;
3) to give an account of current research and water technological applications of the
processes occurring at the solid water interface;
4) to illustrate how pollutants are transformed, degraded and transported, and how to link
processes occurring at different levels of space and time.
This is a teaching book. The authors are aquatic chemists, chemical and environmental
engineers, atmospheric scientists, and soil chemists; they have written their chapters in such a
way as to assist the readers (students, geochemists, water and soil scientists, environmental
engineers) in understanding general principles. The book progresses from theoretical models
and laboratory systems to application in natural water, soil and geochemical systems,
concentrating on understanding the processes that regulate the distribution, concentration and
fate of reactive elements and pollutants. Selected examples of the relationships between
microscopic-scale phenomena and changes in geochemical cycles are illustrated with
reference to remote sensing observations. Emphasis is on stimulating innovative research on
aquatic systems and promoting the interaction among environmental researchers.
Credits for the creation of this volume is, of course, primarily due to its authors.
December, 1993 Giovanni Bidoglio- Ispra
Werner Stumm - Zurich
vii
CONTRIBUTORS
F. BAWl, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
STEVEN A. BANWART, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, The Royal Institute of
Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
V. BARALE, Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Joint Research Centre, Commission of
the European Communities, Ispra, Italy.
Ph. BEHRA, Institut de Mecanique des Fluides, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France.
GIOVANNI BIDOGUO, Environment Institute, Joint Research Centre, Commission of the
European Communities, Ispra, Italy.
NICO VAN BREEMEN, Department of Soil Science and Geology, Wageningen Agricultural
University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
G. CAUWET, Groupement de Recherches "Interactions Continent-Ocean", Centre National de
la Recherche Scientifique, Universite de Perpignan, Perpignan, France.
L. CHARLET, Environmental Geochemistry Group, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble,
France.
BAOUN DENG, Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, The Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
KATHY L. GODTFREDSEN, Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, The
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
JOACHIM HILL, Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Joint Research Centre,
Commission of the European Communities, Ispra, Italy.
STEPHAN I. HUG, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology,
EA WAG, Diibendorf, Switzerland.
lOS LEUEVEW, Air Quality Department, Wageningen Agricultural University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
C.N. MURRAY, Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Joint Research Centre,
Commission of the European Communities, Ispra, Italy.
TOMAS PACES, Department of Geochemistry, Czech Geological Survey, Praha, Czech
Republic.
ix
X
A. SAUOT, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines, Universit~ Pierre et Marie Curie,
Paris, France.
LAURA SIGG, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, EAWAG,
Diibendorf, Switzerland.
ALAN T. STONE, Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, The Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
WERNER STUMM, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology,
EAW AG, Diibendorf, Switzerland.
BARBARA SULZBERGER, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and
Technology, EA WAG, Diibendorf, Switzerland.
WILUAM G. SUNDA, Beaufort Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA,
Beaufort, North Carolina, U.S.A.
J.P. VANDERBORGHT, Laboratory of Chemical Oceanography, University of Brussels,
Brussels, Belgium.
ERIC 1. WEBER, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
R. WOLLAST, Laboratory of Chemical Oceanography, University of Brussels, Brussels,
Belgium.
HANBIN XUE, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, EA WAG,
Diibendorf, Switzerland.