Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Scent Markings in Great Cats

18 Pages·2016·2.86 MB·English

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Conference Proceedings and Presentations
6-2013
Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Scent
Markings in Great Cats: A Systematic Review
Simone B. Soso
Iowa State University, [email protected]
Jacek A. Koziel
Iowa State University, [email protected]
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Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Chemical
 and
 Sensory
 Characteriza3on
 of
 Scent

Markings
 in
 Great
 Cats:
 A
 Systema3c
 Review

Simone
 B.
 Soso1,2
 and
 Jacek
 A.
 Koziel1,2

1  Environmental
 Science
 Interdepartmental
 Graduate
 Program

2  Department
 of
 Agricultural
 and
 Biosystems
 Engineering

2013
 Felid
 TAG
 mid-­‐year
 mee3ng,
 Jacksonville
 Zoo
 and
 Gardens
 in
 Jacksonville,

Florida,
 June
 27
 to
 29,
 2013
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Outline

1. Introduc3on

2. Great
 Cat
 Scent
 Marking
 and
 its

 Role
 in
 Conserva3on

3.
 Sample
 Prepara3on
 Methods

4.
 Analy3cal
 and
 Sensory
 Methods

5.
 My
 Doctoral
 Research
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Scent
 Marks
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Ra3onale

  Understanding
 chemical
 and
 odor
 func3onality
 in

markings
 could
 promote
 reproduc3on,

revolu3onizing
 conserva3on
 prac3ces
 across

species

  Reduce
 stress
 levels
 in
 cap3ve
 zoo
 animals

  Diminish
 human-­‐wildlife
 conflicts

  Poten3al
 effects
 on
 analy3cal
 chemistry,
 wildlife

conserva3on,
 environmental
 science
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Impact of Studying Scent Marking and Related
Behaviors to Aid in Conservation
•  Implement better wildlife
management practices
Panthera
 pardus
  25.00%
  25.00%
  25.00%
  25.00%

•  Provide adequate land and
Acinonyx
 jubatus
  20.00%
  40.00%
  20.00%
  20.00%
  resources
•  Increase lifespan
Panthera
 unica
  50.00%
  50.00%

•  Population Estimates
Puma
 concolor
  33.30%
  33.30%
  33.30%

•  Understand chemosignalling
Panthera
 leo
  33.30%
  33.30%
  33.30%

•  Reproductive status, territory,
and condition
Panthera
 3gris
 3gris
  35.70%
  21.40%
  14.00%
  28.50%

•  Taxonomical separation and
Reproduc3on
  Territoriality
  Dominance
  Other
  phylogenetic classification
Fig
 1.
 Summary
 of
 literature
 on
 scent
 marking
 behavior
 in
 wild
 cats.
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Advantages
 and
 Disadvantages
 of
 Various
 Sample

Prepara3on
 Techniques
 In
 Great
 Cat
 Research

Species
  Sample
 Prepara3on
  Advantages
  Disadvantages

• Panthera
 )gris
  Chloroform:methanol:
    Aids
 in
 the
 frac3ona3on
 of
    Ardous

)gris
  water
 extrac3on
  lipids

    Chloroform
 may
 have

• Panthera
 leo
  • Poddar-­‐Sarkar,
 M.,
 1996
  altered
 results

• Albone
 and
 Grönnerberg,
 1977

• Panthera
 )gris
  Sample-­‐enrichment
 probe
    Separa3on
 of
 lipid
 por3on
 of
    Major
 unsaturated

)gris
  • Burger,
 B.V.
 et
 al.,
 2008

  MF
 was
 efficient
  compounds
 not

  Reduced
 solvent
 prepara3on
  quan3ta3vely
 deriva3zed

  SEP
 is
 two
 orders
 of
 magnitude
    Required
 mul3ple
 GC

more
 efficient
 than
 SPME
  column
 changes;
 2-­‐AP
 not

detected

• Panthera
 leo
  Methyla3on,
    Extracts
 lipids
 well
 from
 urine
    Laborious

deriva3za3on,
 extrac3on,
  samples

and

 acidifica3on

• Albone
 and
 Grönnerberg,
 1977

• Panthera
 leo
  Gel
 electropheresis
 w/
    Inexpensive
    Difficult
 to
 iden3fy
 cauxin

persica

 Panthera
  MassPrep™
 diges3on
 robo
    Simple
 to
 perform
  in
 big
 cats
 because
 of

)girs
 sumatrae
  • McLean,
 L.
 et
 al.,
 2007
  similar
 mass

 to
 urinary

• 
 Panthera
 pardus
  serum
 albumin

saxicolor

 Panthera

onca

 Neophilis

nebulosa
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Advantages
 and
 Disadvantages
 of
 Various
 Analy3cal
 Techniques
 In

Great
 Cat
 Research

Species
  Analy3cal
 Technique
  Advantages
  Disadvantages

 Panthera
 )gris
 )gris
  Gas
 Chromatography-­‐  Analysis
 of
 low
 molecular
 weight
   Func3onalized
 compounds

 Panthera
 leo

Mass
 Spectrometry
  compounds
  require
 deriva3za3on
 prior
 to

• Burger,
 B.V.
 et
 al.,
 2008
   Compounds:
 vola3le
 and
  analysis
 to
 eliminate

• Brahmachary,
 R.L.
 and
  thermally
 stable
  undesirable
 adsorp3on
 effects

Poddar-­‐Sarkar,
 M.,
 1990

• Andersen,
 K.F.
 and
 Vulpius,

T.,
 1999

 Panthera
 leo
 persica
  MALDI-­‐Time
 of
 Flight-­‐  Analysis
 of
 non-­‐vola3le
 and
 large
  • Not
 as
 efficient
 in
 detec3ng

 Panthera
 )girs

Mass
 Spectrometry
  molecules
  Vola3le
 organic
 compounds

sumatrae

 Panthera

• McLean,
 L.
 et
 al.,
 2007
   Excellent
 lipid
 iden3fica3on

pardus
 saxicolor

 Speed
 of
 analysis,
 sensi3vity,

 Panthera
 onca

analyze
 complex
 samples

 Neophilis
 nebulosa

 Panthera
 )gris
 )gris
  Thin-­‐layer
   Good
 in
 the
 detec3on
 of
 lipids
   Limited
 number
 of
 compounds

 Panthera
 leo

chromatography
  iden3fied
 per
 analysis

• Poddar-­‐Sarkar,
 M.,
 1996

• Albone
 and
 Grönnerberg,

1977

 Panthera
 )gris
 )gris
  Gas
 Chromatography-­‐  Carrier
 gas
 N
 is
 environmentally
   Absence
 of
 aldehydes
 and

2
Flame
 Ioniza3on
  friendly
  ketones
 found
 previously
 in

Detec3on
  3gers
 and
 leopards

•  Poddar-­‐Sarkar,
 M.,
 1996
   Compounds
 iden3fied
 through

•  Poddar-­‐Sarkar,
 M,
 et
 al
  RT
 and
 not
 an
 MS
 library

1991

database
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Pros
 and
 Cons
 of
 Instrumental

Analysis

Advantages
 of
 Instrumental
 Methods

  Speed
 (can
 be
 automated,
 sample
 throughput
 is
 high)

  Sensi3vity
 (trace
 or
 ultra-­‐trace
 analysis
 is
 possible)

  Selec3vity
 (accurate
 in
 the
 presence
 of
 many
 other
 components)

  Reproducibility
 (reliable,
 objec3ve)

  Sample
 requirement
 is
 small
 (mL
 and
 mg
 or
 less
 can
 be
 handled)

Disadvantages:

  Cost

  Complexity

  Maintenance
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Chemosensory
 Analysis

Previously
 Conducted

•  Animal

•  Simple
 Human
 Olfac3on

Modern
 Simultaneous
 Chemical
 and
 Sensory
 Methods

•  Biosensors

•  Electronic
 Noses

•  Chemical
 Sensors

•  Mul3dimensional-­‐Gas
 Chromatography-­‐Mass

Spectrometry-­‐Olfactometry