Cheating and deception PDF
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CHEATING AND DECEPTION CHEATING AND DECEPTION J. Bowyer Bell Barton Whaley Wzth a new introduction by }. Bowyer Bell ~~ ~~o~!~~~fl~up LONDON AND NEW YORK Originally published in 1982 by St. Martin’s Press. Published 1991 by Transaction Publishers Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business New material this edition copyright © 1991 by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 90-45018 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bell, J. Bowyer, 1931- [Cheating] Cheating and deception / J. Bowyer Bell, Barton Whaley. p.cm. Reprint, with new introd. Originally published: Cheating. New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, c1982. Includes index. ISBN 0-88738-868-X 1. Deception. 2. Deception (Military science) I. Whaley, Barton. II.Title. BJ1421.B69 1991 179'.8—dc20 90-45018 CIP ISBN 13: 978-0-88738-868-2 (pbk) FOR NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI • • • Dopo il fatto, il consiglio non vale. Contents Introduction to the Transaction Edition ix Acknowledgments nxv Preface nxvii Prologue 1 PART I: THE NATURE OF DUPLICITY 1. The Prevalence of Guile: The Ruses of War 15 2. The Structure of Deceit: A Theory of Cheating 45 3. Applied Theory: Wily Warriors 75 4. Deceivers and Dupes: Profiles 97 PART II: CHEATING-THE EIGHTFOLD WAY 5. Magic 129 6. Games and Sports 171 Vlll Contents 7. People and the Everyday World 224 8. Public Cheating: Politics, Espionage, and War 254 PART Ill: CHEATING THE CHEATERS 9. Illusion and Reality in the Arts 285 10. Hoaxes and Self-deception in Art and Science 303 Epilogue: Counterdeception 327 Index 333 Introduction to the Transaction Edition "DECEPTION" is one of those garden variety words, often used but rarely defmed, that tends to summon up unpleasant connotations; "deception" is a polite variant of cheating, and cheating is wrong if not wicked. Even those deeply involved in cheating-cheating at cards, cheating at love-must often find what have become standard rationalizations to comfort themselves: I am driven by necessity, there is no alternative, others do it, and, of course, no one will know. Particularly for Americans and much of Western civilization, official cheating-government duplicity, cheating as policy, conscious, contrived deception-is usually beyond excuse except as a last resort in response to the threat of extinction. Deception tends to be considered a distasteful tool to achieve even vital national interests unless it is used in conjunction with the deployment of military force. Even in war, some oppose deception as beneath national dignity, the means of lesser powers or immoral ideologies. Still, a general may deceive a dangerous enemy under certain conditions without fear of public condemnation: War is hell. Thus, surprise achieved through deception is not only accepted, but often praised. In fact, there are far more studies of "surprise," which is merely a byproduct of effective deception (or at times self-deception, an entirely different matter not being consciously shaped to purpose and to advantage), than there are of military deception or strategies of deception. Surprise is seemingly more valid than deception in strategists' eyes. All other policy,
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