Charity, Philanthropy and Reform: From the 1690s to 1850

274 Pages·1998·27.243 MB·English

by  Hugh Cunningham, Joanna Innes (eds.)

CHARITY, PHILANTHROPY AND REFORM
Also by Hugh Cunningham
CHILD LABOUR IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, 1800-1985: Case
Studies from Europe, Japan and Colombia (edited with Pier Paolo Viazzo)
CHILDREN AND CHILDHOOD IN WESTERN SOCIETY SINCE 1500
LEISURE IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
THE CHILDREN OF THE POOR: Representations of Childhood since
the Seventeenth Century
THE VOLUNTEER FORCE: A Social and Political History, 1859-1908
Charity, Philanthropy
and Reform
From the 1690s to 1850
Edited by
Hugh Cunningham
Professor of Social History
University of Kent at Canterbury
and
Joanna Innes
Fellow and Tutor in Modern His tory
Somerville College
Oxford
First published in Great Britain 1998 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-349-26683-8 ISBN 978-1-349-26681-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-26681-4
First published in the United States of America 1998 by
ST. MARTIN,S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
ISBN 978-0-312-21435-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Charity, philanthropy, and reform: from the 1690s to 1850 I edited by
Hugh Cunningham and Joanna Innes.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-21435-7 (cloth)
I. Charities-History. 2. Social service-History.
I. Cunningham, Hugh. II. Innes, Joanna.
HV 16.C55 1998
361.7'09--dc21 98-10081
CIP
Selection and editorial matter © Hugh Cunningham and Joanna Innes 1998
Chapter 1 © Hugh Cunningham 1998
Chapter 2 © Joanna Innes 1998
Chapters 3-11 © Macmillan Press Ltd 1998
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made
without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with
written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by
the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and
sustained forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98
Contents
Contents vii
Preface viii
Notes on the Contributors ix
1 Introduction 1
Hugh Cunningham
2 State, Church and Voluntarism in European Welfare,
1690-1850 15
Joanna Innes
3 Head versus Heart? Voluntary Associations and
Charity Organization in England c.1700-1850 66
Michael J D. Roberts
4 'To the Charitable and Humane': Appeals for
Assistance in the Eighteenth-Century London Press 87
Donna T. Andrew
5 Charity as Boundary Making: Social Stratification,
Gender and the Family in the Italian States
(Seventeenth-Nineteenth Centuries) 108
Sandra Cavallo
6 Transforming the Nation and the Child: Philanthropy
in the Netherlands, Belgium, France and England,
c.1780-c.1850 130
Jeroen J H. Dekker
7 Religion, Philanthropy and the State in Late
Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Ireland 148
Maria Luddy
8 'LaCharite est une Mere': Catholic Women and
Poor Relief in France, 1690-1850 168
Hazel Mills
9 English Rational Dissent and Philanthropy,
c.1760-c.1810 193
G. M Ditchjield
v
vi Contents
10 The Evolution of a Transatlantic Debate on
Penal Reform, 1780-1830 208
Katherine Lloyd and Cindy Burgoyne
11 The Anglo-American Unitarian Connection and
Urban Poverty 228
David Turley
Select Bibliography 243
Index 256
List of Maps
1 Pauperisme en Europe 25
2 Mendicite en Europe 26
vii
Preface
This book is the outcome of the first Anstey Conference held at the
University of Kent at Canterbury in January 1997. Roger Anstey was
the first Professor of Modern History at the University of Kent at
Canterbury, best-known for his studies of slavery and anti-slavery. The
memorial fund established on his premature death in 1979 has been
used to host and publish five series of lectures by distinguished
historians on topics which reflect his wide-ranging interests. It is
now intended to use it in support of a series of conferences.
Our thanks go to the Humanities Research Board of the British
Academy which contributed to the costs of the Conference; to Pro
fessors Colin Jones and Stuart Woolf who provided expert commen
tary on the papers given at the Conference; and to Jackie Waller, Trish
Hatton, Sian Dixon and Hilary Joce in the History Office at Kent
their contribution to the success of the Conference and to the prep
aration of the proceedings for publication has been immeasurable.
HUGH CUNNINGHAM
JOANNA INNES
viii
Notes on the Contributors
Donna T. Andrew, who teaches Modern British History at the Uni
versity of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, is the author of two
books, Philanthropy and Police (1989) and London Debating Societies
1776-1799 (1994), and is currently completing a study of an eight
eenth-century forgery case with Randall McGowen. Her scholarly
interests include poverty and social policy, eighteenth-century cultural
history, and the growth of middle-class self-consciousness.
Cindy Burgoyne gained an M.Phil. on British proslavery argument,
1780-1840 from the University of Birmingham in 1994, and has recently
completed a Ph.D. on the transatlantic exchange of ideas in the field of
penology, 1750-1820, at the University of Sunderland. Eighteenth
century ideas on human nature, criminality, and criminal reformation,
are some of her other interests.
Sandra Cavallo is Lecturer in Early Modern European History at
Royal Holloway, University of London. She is the author of Charity
and Power in Early Modern Italy. Benefactors and their Motives in Turin
1541-1789 (1995) and of numerous essays and articles on poor relief
and health care, gender and family relations in seventeenth- and
eighteenth-century Italy.
Hugh Cunningham is Professor of Social History at the University of
Kent at Canterbury. His most recent work has been on the history of
childhood. His publications include The Children of the Poor: Repres
entations of Childhood since the Seventeenth Century (1991), Children
and Childhood in Western Society since 1500 (1995), and, co-edited
with Pier Paolo Viazzo, Child Labour in Historical Perspective 1800-
1985: Case Studies from Europe, Japan and Colombia (1996).
Jeroen J. H. Dekker studied history and philosophy at the University
of Utrecht. He taught at the universities of Utrecht and Maastricht
and is currently Professor of History and Theory of Education at
the University of Groningen. He specializes in the social and
cultural history of education. His publications deal with the history
of marginality and education, and with the history of childhood in
the family.
ix