Annex to ED Decision 2008/009/R European Aviation Safety Agency Certification Specifications for Small Rotorcraft CS27 Amendment 2 17 November 2008 Amendment 2 CS27 Annex to ED Decision 2008/009/R CONTENTS (general layout) CS–27 SMALL ROTORCRAFT BOOK 1 – AIRWORTHINESS CODE SUBPART A – GENERAL SUBPART B – FLIGHT SUBPART C – STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS SUBPART D – DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION SUBPART E – POWERPLANT SUBPART F – EQUIPMENT SUBPART G – OPERATING LIMITATIONS AND INFORMATION APPENDICES: A, B and C BOOK 2 – ACCEPTABLE MEANS OF COMPLIANCE (AMC): AMCs Amendment 2 C1 Annex to ED Decision 2008/009/R CS27 PREAMBLE CS27 Amendment 1 Effective: 30/11/2007 The following is a list of paragraphs affected by this amendment. Book 1 Subpart B • CS 27.25 Amended (NPA11/2006) • CS 27.49 Created by renaming CS 27.73(NPA11/2006) • CS 27.51 Amended (NPA11/2006) • CS 27.73 Deleted and moved to CS 27.49(NPA11/2006) • CS 27.75 Amended (NPA11/2006) • CS 27.79 Amended (NPA11/2006) • CS 27.143 Amended (NPA11/2006) • CS 27.173 Amended (NPA11/2006) • CS 27.175 Amended (NPA11/2006) • CS 27.177 Amended (NPA11/2006) Subpart E • CS 27.903 Amended (NPA11/2006) Subpart G • CS 27.1587 Amended (NPA11/2006) Appendices • CS27 Appendix B Amended (NPA 11/2006) CS27 Amendment 2 Effective: 17/11/2008 The following is a list of paragraphs affected by this amendment. Book 1 Subpart F • CS 27.1305 Amended (NPA200717) Appendices • CS27 Appendix A Amended (NPA 200717) • CS27 Appendix C Amended (NPA 200717) Book 2 • AMC 27 General Amended (NPA200717) • AMC 27.351 Created (NPA 200717) • AMC 27.602 Deleted (NPA 200717) • AMC 27.865 Created (NPA 200717) • AMC 27.1305(t) and (u) Deleted (NPA 200717) • AMC MG4 Created (NPA 200717) Amendment 2 P1 Annex to ED Decision 2008/009/R CS27 BOOK 1 EASA Certification Specifications for SMALL ROTORCRAFT CS27 Book 1 Airworthiness code Amendment 2 101 Annex to ED Decision 2008/009/R CS–27 BOOK 1 SUBPART A – GENERAL CS 27.1 Applicability (a) This Airworthiness Code is applicable to small rotorcraft with maximum weights of 3 175 kg (7 000 lbs) or less and nine or less passenger seats. (b) reserved (c) Multiengine rotorcraft may be type certificated as Category A provided the requirements referenced in Appendix C are met. JAR 27.2 Special Retroactive Requirements (a) reserved (b) For rotorcraft with a certification basis established prior to 1 May 2001 (1) The maximum passenger seat capacity may be increased to eight or nine provided compliance is shown with all the INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK airworthiness requirements of this initial issue ofCS27. (2) The maximum weight may be increased to greater than 2 722 kg (6 000 lbs) provided (i) The number of passenger seats is not increased above the maximum number previously certificated; or (ii) Compliance is shown with all of the airworthiness requirements of this initial issue of CS27. Amendment 2 1A1 Annex to ED Decision 2008/009/R CS–27 BOOK 1 SUBPART B – FLIGHT GENERAL (iii) The weight of full oil capacity; and (iv) For each seat, an occupant CS 27.21 Proof of compliance weight of 77 kg (170 lbs) or any lower weight for which certification is Each requirement of this Subpart must be met requested. at each appropriate combination of weight and centre of gravity within the range of loading (b) Minimum weight. The minimum weight, conditions for which certification is requested. the lowest weight at which compliance with each This must be shown: applicable requirement of this CS–27 is shown, must be established so that it is: (a) By tests upon a rotorcraft of the type for which certification is requested or by calculations (1) Not more than the sum of: based on, and equal in accuracy to, the results of (i) The empty weight determined testing; and under CS 27.29; and (b) By systematic investigation of each (ii) The weight of the minimum required combination of weight and centre of crew necessary to operate the rotorcraft, gravity if compliance cannot be reasonably assuming for each crew member a weight inferred from combinations investigated. no more than 77 kg (170 lbs), or any lower weight selected by the applicant or included in the loading instructions; and CS 27.25 Weight limits (2) Not less than: (a) Maximum weight. The maximum (i) The lowest weight selected by weight, the highest weight at which compliance the applicant; with each applicable requirement of this CS–27 is shown, must be established so that it is: (ii) The design minimum weight, the lowest weight at which compliance (1) Not more than: with each applicable structural loading (i) The highest weight selected condition of this CS–27 is shown; or by the applicant; (iii) The lowest weight at which (ii) The design maximum weight, compliance with each applicable flight the highest weight at which compliance requirement of this CS–27 is shown. with each applicable structural loading (c) Total weight with jettisonable external condition of this CS–27 is shown; load. A total weight for the rotorcraft with a (iii) The highest weight at which jettisonable external load attached that is greater compliance with each applicable flight than the maximum weight established under sub requirement of this CS–27 is shown; or paragraph (a) may be established for any rotorcraftload combination if: (iv) The highest weight, as a function of altitude and temperature, in (1) The rotorcraftload combination which the provisions of CS 27.79 and/or does not include human external cargo, CS 27.143(c)(1) are demonstrated if the (2) Structural component approval for operating conditions (altitude and external load operations under either CS temperature) prescribed by those 27.865, or under equivalent operational requirements can not be met; and standards is obtained, (2) Not less than the sum of: (3) The portion of the total weight that is greater than the maximum weight (i) The empty weight determined established under subparagraph (a) is made under CS 27.29; up only of the weight of all or part of the (ii) The weight of usable fuel jettisonable external load, appropriate to the intended operation (4) Structural components of the with full payload; rotorcraft are shown to comply with the applicable structural requirements of this CS Amendment 2 1–B– 1 Annex to ED Decision 2008/009/R CS–27 BOOK 1 27 under the increased loads and stresses caused by the weight increase over that CS 27.33 Main rotor speed and pitch established under subparagraph (a) , and limits (5) Operation of the rotorcraft at a (a) Main rotor speed limits. A range of total weight greater than the maximum main rotor speeds must be established that: certificated weight established under sub paragraph (a) is limited by appropriate (1) With poweron, provides adequate operating limitations under CS 27.865 (a) and margin to accommodate the variations in rotor (d). speed occurring in any appropriate manoeuvre, and is consistent with the kind of governor or [Amdt. No.: 27/1] synchroniser used; and (2) With poweroff, allows each CS 27.27 Centre of gravity limits appropriate autorotative manoeuvre to be performed throughout the ranges of airspeed The extreme forward and aft centres of gravity and weight for which certification is and, where critical, the extreme lateral centres of requested. gravity must be established for each weight established under CS 27.25. Such an extreme (b) Normal main rotor high pitch limits may not lie beyond: (poweron). For rotorcraft, except helicopters required to have a main rotor low speed warning (a) The extremes selected by the applicant; under subparagraph (e). It must be shown, with (b) The extremes within which the structure poweron and without exceeding approved engine is proven; or maximum limitations, that main rotor speeds substantially less than the minimum approved (c) The extremes within which compliance main rotor speed will not occur under any with the applicable flight requirements is shown. sustained flight condition. This must be met by: (1) Appropriate setting of the main CS 27.29 Empty weight and rotor high pitch stop; corresponding centre of gravity (2) Inherent rotorcraft characteristics that make unsafe low main rotor speeds (a) The empty weight and corresponding unlikely; or centre of gravity must be determined by weighing the rotorcraft without the crew and payload but (3) Adequate means to warn the pilot with: of unsafe main rotor speeds. (1) Fixed ballast; (c) Normal main rotor low pitch limits (poweroff). It must be shown, with poweroff, (2) Unusable fuel; and that: (3) Full operating fluids, including: (1) The normal main rotor low pitch (i) Oil; limit provides sufficient rotor speed, in any autorotative condition, under the most critical (ii) Hydraulic fluid; and combinations of weight and airspeed; and (iii) Other fluids required for (2) It is possible to prevent normal operation of rotorcraft systems, overspeeding of the rotor without exceptional except water intended for injection in the piloting skill. engines. (d) Emergency high pitch. If the main rotor (b) The condition of the rotorcraft at the high pitch stop is set to meet subparagraph time of determining empty weight must be one (b)(1), and if that stop cannot be exceeded that is well defined and can be easily repeated, inadvertently, additional pitch may be made particularly with respect to the weights of fuel, available for emergency use. oil, coolant, and installed equipment. (e) Main rotor low speed warning for helicopters. For each single engine helicopter, and each multiengine helicopter that does not have an CS 27.31 Removable ballast approved device that automatically increases power Removable ballast may be used in showing on the operating engines when one engine fails, compliance with the flight requirements of this there must be a main rotor low speed warning which Subpart. meets the following requirements: Amendment 2 1–B– 2 Annex to ED Decision 2008/009/R CS–27 BOOK 1 (1) The warning must be furnished to (1) 80%, at and below standard the pilot in all flight conditions, including temperature; and poweron and poweroff flight, when the speed (2) 34%, at and above standard of a main rotor approaches a value that can temperature plus 28°C (50°F) between these jeopardise safe flight. two temperatures, the relative humidity must (2) The warning may be furnished vary linearly. either through the inherent aerodynamic (f) For turbine enginepowered rotorcraft, a qualities of the helicopter or by a device. means must be provided to permit the pilot to (3) The warning must be clear and determine prior to takeoff that each engine is distinct under all conditions, and must be capable of developing the power necessary to clearly distinguishable from all other achieve the applicable rotorcraft performance warnings. A visual device that requires the prescribed in this Subpart. attention of the crew within the cockpit is not acceptable by itself. CS 27.49 Performance at minimum (4) If a warning device is used, the operating speed device must automatically deactivate and reset when the lowspeed condition is (a) For helicopters: corrected. If the device has an audible (1) The hovering ceiling must be warning, it must also be equipped with a determined over the ranges of weight, altitude, means for the pilot to manually silence the and temperature for which certification is audible warning before the lowspeed requested, with: condition is corrected. (i) Takeoff power; (ii) The landing gear extended; PERFORMANCE and (iii) The helicopter in ground effect at a height consistent with normal CS 27.45 General takeoff procedures; and (a) Unless otherwise prescribed, the (2) The hovering ceiling determined in performance requirements of this Subpart must subparagraph (a)(1) of this paragraph must be be met for still air and a standard atmosphere. at least: (b) The performance must correspond to the (i) For reciprocating engine engine power available under the particular powered helicopters, 1219 m (4 000 ft) at ambient atmospheric conditions, the particular maximum weight with a standard flight condition, and the relative humidity atmosphere; or specified in subparagraphs (d) or (e), as appropriate. (ii) For turbine enginepowered helicopters, 762 m (2 500 ft) pressure (c) The available power must correspond to altitude at maximum weight at a engine power, not exceeding the approved power, temperature of standard +22°C (+40°F). less: (3) The outofground effect hovering (1) Installation losses; and performance must be determined over the (2) The power absorbed by the ranges of weight, altitude, and temperature for accessories and services appropriate to the which certification is requested, using takeoff particular ambient atmospheric conditions and power. the particular flight condition. (b) For rotorcraft other than helicopters, the (d) For reciprocating enginepowered steady rate of climb at the minimum operating rotorcraft, the performance, as affected by engine speed must be determined, over the ranges of power, must be based on a relative humidity of weight, altitude, and temperature for which 80% in a standard atmosphere. certification is requested, with: (e) For turbine enginepowered rotorcraft, (1) Takeoff power; and the performance, as affected by engine power, (2) The landing gear extended. must be based on a relative humidity of: Amendment 2 1–B– 3 Annex to ED Decision 2008/009/R CS–27 BOOK 1 [Amdt. No.: 27/1] (ii) At maximum weight; and (iii) With maximum continuous power on each engine. CS 27.51 Takeoff (2) The steady rate of climb must be The takeoff, with takeoff power and rpm at the determined: most critical center of gravity, and with weight from the maximum weight at sealevel to the (i) At the climb speed selected by weight for which takeoff certification is the applicant at or below VNE; requested for each altitude covered by this (ii) Within the range from sea paragraph: level up to the maximum altitude for (a) May not require exceptional piloting skill which certification is requested; or exceptionally favourable conditionsthroughout (iii) For the weights and the ranges of altitude from standard sealevel temperatures that correspond to the conditions to the maximum altitude for which take altitude range set forth in subparagraph off and landing certification is requested, and (b)(2)(ii) and for which certification is requested; and (b) Must be made in such a manner that a landing can be made safely at any point along the (iv) With maximum continuous flight path if an engine fails. This must be power on each engine. demonstrated up to the maximum altitude for which takeoff and landing certification is requested or 2134m (7,000 ft) density altitude, whichever is less. CS 27.67 Climb: oneengineinoperative [Amdt. No.: 27/1] For multiengine helicopters, the steady rate of climb (or descent), at V (or at the speed for Y minimum rate of descent), must be determined CS 27.65 Climb: allenginesoperating with: (a) For rotorcraft other than helicopters: (a) Maximum weight; (1) The steady rate of climb, at V (b) The critical engine inoperative and the Y must be determined: remaining engines at either: (i) With maximum continuous (1) Maximum continuous power and, power on each engine; for helicopters for which certification for the use of 30minute one engine inoperative (OEI) (ii) With the landing gear power is requested, at 30minute OEI power; retracted; and or (iii) For the weights, altitudes, and (2) Continuous OEI power for temperatures for which certification is helicopters for which certification for the use requested; and of continuous OEI power is requested. (2) The climb gradient, at the rate of climb determined in accordance with sub CS 27.71 Glide performance paragraph (a)(1), must be either: For singleengine helicopters and multiengine (i) At least 1:10 if the horizontal helicopters that do not meet the category A distance required to take off and climb engine isolation requirements of CS–27, the over a 15 m (50 ft) obstacle is minimum rate of descent airspeed and the best determined for each weight, altitude, and angleofglide airspeed must be determined in temperature within the range for which autorotation at: certification is requested; or (a) Maximum weight; and (ii) At least 1:6 under standard sealevel conditions. (b) Rotor speed(s) selected by the applicant. (b) Each helicopter must meet the following requirements: CS 27.75 Landing (1) V must be determined: Y (a) The rotorcraft must be able to be landed (i) For standard sealevel with no excessive vertical acceleration, no conditions; Amendment 2 1–B– 4 Annex to ED Decision 2008/009/R CS–27 BOOK 1 tendency to bounce, nose over, ground loop, limits and at the minimum installed porpoise, or water loop, and without exceptional specification power available for the most piloting skill or exceptionally favourable critical combination of approved ambient conditions, with: temperature and pressure altitude resulting in 2134m (7000 ft) density altitude or the (1) Approach or autorotation speeds maximum altitude capability of the helicopter, appropriate to the type of rotorcraft and whichever is less; and selected by the applicant; (3) For other rotorcraft, conditions (2) The approach and landing made appropriate to the type. with: (i) Power off, for singleengine [Amdt. No.: 27/1] rotorcraft and entered from steady state autorotation; or FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS (ii) Oneengine inoperative (OEI) for multiengine rotorcraft with each operating engine within approved operating limitations, and entered from CS 27.141 General an established OEI approach.; The rotorcraft must: (b) Multiengine rotorcraft must be able to (a) Except as specifically required in the be landed safely after complete power failure applicable paragraph, meet the flight under normal operating conditions. characteristics requirements of this Subpart: [Amdt. No.: 27/1] (1) At the altitudes and temperatures expected in operation; CS 27.79 Limiting heightspeed envelope (2) Under any critical loading condition within the range of weights and (a) If there is any combination of height and centres of gravity for which certification is forward speed, including hover, under which a requested; safe landing cannot be made under the applicable power failure condition in subparagraph (b), a (3) For poweron operations, under any limiting heightspeed envelope must be condition of speed, power, and rotor rpm for established, including all pertinent information, which certification is requested; and for that condition, throughout the ranges of: (4) For poweroff operations, under (1) Altitude, from standard sealevel any condition of speed and rotor rpm for conditions to the maximum altitude capability which certification is requested that is of the rotorcraft, or 2134 m (7 000 ft) density attainable with the controls rigged in altitude, whichever is less; and accordance with the approved rigging instructions and tolerances; (2) Weight from the maximum weight at sealevel to the weight selected by the (b) Be able to maintain any required flight applicant for each altitude covered by sub condition and make a smooth transition from any paragraph (a)(1) of this paragraph. For flight condition to any other flight condition helicopters, the weight at altitudes above sea without exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or level may not be less than the maximum strength, and without danger of exceeding the weight or the highest weight allowing limit load factor under any operating condition hovering out of ground effect whichever is probable for the type, including: lower. (1) Sudden failure of one engine, for (b) The applicable power failure conditions multiengine rotorcraft meeting category A are: engine isolation requirements of CS–29; (1) For singleengine helicopters, full (2) Sudden, complete power failure for autorotation; other rotorcraft; and (2) For multiengine helicopters, OEI, (3) Sudden, complete control system where engine isolation features ensure failures specified in CS 27.695; and continued operation of the remaining engines, (c) Have any additional characteristic and the remaining engine(s) within approved required for night or instrument operation, if Amendment 2 1–B– 5
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