ceramics are more than clay alone

372 Pages·2004·2.4 MB·English

Introduction
CERAMICS ARE MORE THAN
CLAY ALONE
Ceramics are more than clay alone
Introduction
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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE PUBLISHING
Ceramics are more than clay alone
Published by
Cambridge International Science Publishing
7 Meadow Walk, Great Abington, Cambridge CB1 6AZ, UK
http://www.cisp-publishing.com
First published 2004
© Paul Bormans
© Cambridge International Science Publishing
Conditions of sale
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or trans-
mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ-
ing photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval sys-
tem, without permission in writing from the publisher
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library
ISBN 1 898326 7 70
Translated from the Dutch by Sis Achten
Introduction
About the Author
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Ceramics are more than clay alone
Introduction
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In this preface I would like to reflect on the aspects which played
a part in creating this book.
In 1964 I embarked on my chemistry studies. Apparently the sub-
jects ‘inorganic chemistry’ and ‘crystallography’ had most appeal for
me during my education, because some years later I became inter-
ested in geology and mineralogy as a hobby. The earlier mentioned
specialities stood me in good stead here (or were they the cause of
my interest ?) and my hobby developed into a large collection of silicate
minerals.
After graduating I started to teach at a laboratory school where I
have been employed ever since. At the beginning of the eighties Dutch
trade and industry were of the opinion that materials science ought
to be introduced into laboratory education. Since ceramics are mainly
based on inorganic compounds and silicates play a major role here,
I gladly volunteered to teach this subject. I enthusiastically threw
myself into ceramics and have since written a lot of instructional material
from a multidisciplinary approach. This means that ceramics can only
be studied successfully by students with an interest in natural sci-
ences, varying from the geology of the formation of raw materials
to the use of ceramics implants in man and animals, with an extensive
range of applications and specialities in between.
My spheres of interest and my disposition to teach natural sciences
as a whole comprising of related subjects were my main inspirations
for writing this book. An interest in ceramics and a readiness to gain
more knowledge of other specialities are important prerequisites in
order to successfully utilize it.
Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the com-
panies and people who contributed either in the form of literature,
photographs or texts. Special thanks go to my colleague Sis Achten
for translating my Dutch text into the English language.
Paul Bormans
Susteren, The Netherlands
Ceramics are more than clay alone
Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................1
2 History and Future of Ceramics ................................ 4
2.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................4
2.2 THE BEGINNING...........................................................................................5
2.3 MATERIALS THROUGHOUT THE CENTURIES...................................8
2.4 A BRIEF HISTORY...................................................................................... 11
2.5 HISTORY OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS IN THE NETHERLANDS..21
2.6 TEACHING CERAMICS.............................................................................22
2.7 A VIEW TO THE FUTURE.........................................................................24
3 Chemistry................................................................... 25
3.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................25
3.2 THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM.............................................................26
3.3 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS................................................29
3.4 CHEMICAL BOND.......................................................................................30
3.4.1 Electronegativity............................................................................................30
3.4.2 Kinds of bonds................................................................................................31
3.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES.........................................36
3.6 ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS ..............................................................37
3.7 CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS IN PURE SUBSTANCES AND IN
MIXTURES....................................................................................................40
3.7.1 The concept 'mole'..........................................................................................40
3.7.2 Density............................................................................................................42
3.7.3 Mass fraction,.....................................................................................................
3.7.4 Mass concentration........................................................................................44
3.7.5 Analytical concentration...............................................................................44
3.8 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS ..........................................................................45
3.9 ACIDS AND BASES.....................................................................................46
3.10 ELECTROLYTES.........................................................................................50
3.11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY............................................................................52
3.11.1 Introduction...................................................................................................52
3.11.2 Organic compounds ......................................................................................53
4 Crystallography......................................................... 59
4.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................59
4.2 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE..........................................................................59
4.3 DEFECTS IN CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS........................................64
5 Colloid Chemistry..................................................... 67
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................67
6 Phase Rule ................................................................ 78
6.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................78
6.2 THE GIBBS PHASE RULE......................................................................80
6.3 THE UNARY SYSTEM.............................................................................81
6.4 THE BINARY SYSTEM............................................................................82
6.5 THE TERNARY SYSTEM........................................................................86
7 Geology and Mineralogy ......................................... 89
7.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................89
7.2 THE EARTH ...............................................................................................90
7.3 THE FORMATION OF MINERALS AND ROCKS..............................93
7.4 CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS.......................................................95
8 Clay ......................................................................... 104
8.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................104
8.2 GEOLOGY OF CLAY.............................................................................106
8.3 THE FORMATION OF CLAY...............................................................108
8.4 THE COMPOSITION OF CLAY........................................................... 112
8.5 THE STRUCTURE OF CLAY MINERALS......................................... 113
8.6 TYPES OF CLAY.....................................................................................118
8.7 THE MINING OF CLAY ........................................................................120
9 Ceramics in General .............................................. 126
9.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................126
9.2 RAW MATERIALS..................................................................................126
9.3 MASS PREPARATION............................................................................129
9.4 MOULDING..............................................................................................136
9.4.1 Kinds of moulding......................................................................................136
9.4.2. Plastic moulding........................................................................................136
9.4.3 The compressing of powders......................................................................139
9.4.4 Moulding suspensions...............................................................................141
9.4.5 Other moulding methods............................................................................147
9.5 HEAT TREATMENT...............................................................................147
9.5.1 Introduction................................................................................................147
9.5.2 The drying process......................................................................................148