CCENT/CCNA ICND1 official exam certification guide

864 Pages·2008·6.628 MB·English

by  Wendell Odom

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Cisco CCNA Exam #640-507
Certification Guide
Wendell Odom, CCIE #1624
Cisco Press
201 W 103rd Street
Indianapolis, IN 46290
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Cisco CCNA Exam #640-507 Certification Guide
Wendell Odom
Copyright© 2000 Lacidar Unlimited, Inc.
Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc.
Published by:
Cisco Press
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ISBN: 0-7357-0971-8
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Publisher John Wait
Executive Editor John Kane
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Tinjin Chang
Steve Kalman
Frank Knox
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About the Author
Wendell Odom has worked with networking technology for 15 years. He is currently a Cisco Systems
Senior Systems Engineer in the Atlanta, Georgia office, assigned to several large Cisco customers. Prior to
joining Cisco in 1999, Wendell provided consulting services on large networks as well as training services.
He spent his first eight years in networking working for IBM, helping customers evolve their SNA networks
into multiprotocol networks. Wendell is CCIE #1624, is a Certified Cisco Systems Instructor, is Cisco CIP-
certified, and is a CCNA-WAN. He has taught various Cisco-certified courses, including Introduction to
Cisco Router Configuration (ICRC), Advanced Cisco Router Configuration (ACRC), Cisco SNA for Multi-
protocol Administrators (SNAM), Cisco Channel Interface Processor (CIP), MPLS over Cisco WAN
Switches, and Cisco ATM (CATM). Wendell is one of the first Cisco instructors certified without a proba-
tionary testing period and is the first non-Cisco instructor in the United States to teach Cisco’s SNAM, CIP,
and DLSw courses.
About the Technical Reviewers
David Barnes is a Network Consulting Engineer for Cisco Systems in Dallas, Texas. He is a Cisco Certified
Design Professional, MCSE+Internet, and Master CNE. David specializes in large-scale network design and
optimization. He has designed, implemented, and managed networks for numerous Fortune 500 companies
over the past 10 years.
Tinjin Chang, CCIE #5137 and CCSI, is an instructor and consultant for Chesapeake Network Solutions,
Inc. Tinjin has more than seven years of experience in planning, deploying, and troubleshooting complex
and large-scale IP and multiprotocol networks. Prior to joining Chesapeake, he was the lead network engi-
neer at Discover Brokerage, where his design and troubleshooting skills minimized downtime and guaran-
teed network availability. Discover Brokerage was named the Best Online Broker by Barron’s magazine for
the two years that he worked there.
Steve Kalman is a data communications trainer. He is the author or tech editor of 12 CBT titles and has
been the author, tech editor, or trainer for eight instructor-led courses. Steve also is beginning a new dis-
tance-learning project as both author and presenter. In addition to those responsibilities, he runs a consulting
company, Esquire Micro Consultants, that specializes in data network design.
Frank Knox, CCIE #3698, is a consultant and instructor currently involved in design, implementation, and
customer training for mixed SNA-IP networks. He is considered to be an expert in the area of mainframe
attached routers. Frank has more than 33 years of networking experience with IBM, GTE, and Skyline Com-
puter Corp.; during that time, he has worked in field service and support, product planning, education, and
management. In addition, he has developed and taught several courses for the University of Dallas (Telecom-
munications MBA program). Frank has a master’s degree in telecommunications from Pace University.
Barb Nolley is the president and principal consultant for BJ Consulting, Inc., a small consulting firm that
specializes in networking education. Since starting BJ Consulting, Barb has developed and taught training
courses for Novell’s Master CNE certification, as well as several courses for Cisco System’s Engineering
Education group. Barb stays current on networking technologies by constantly reading published books and
perusing more than 50 industry publications each month. Prior to starting her own company in 1993, Barb
worked for Apple Computer, Tandem Computer, and Tymnet (now part of MCI), where she held positions in
everything from technical support to project management.
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Dedication
My wife, Kris, was a great help to me during this latest writing project. While she took no direct role in the
book, everything I do in life is a lot better because the love of my life is with me! Thanks to my parents,
Raymond and Fay, who took care of many things during some health problems I had while writing the book.
And finally, but most importantly, thanks to Jesus Christ, especially for your joy, peace, and protection in the
midst of a tough year.
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Acknowledgments
Chris Cleveland, development editor for Cisco Press, is the best in the business! Chris made my job much
easier so that I could concentrate totally on the content. I’d probably refuse to write another book if Chris
wouldn’t be the development editor!
John Kane, executive editor for Cisco Press, provided a great deal of assistance, as usual. John’s frequent
e-mails and conference calls with Cisco’s Worldwide Training organization allowed him to gather the infor-
mation needed to guide Cisco Press’s Cisco certification books, and it also allowed me to focus on writing,
instead of sending e-mails and participating in conference calls! Thanks for everything, John.
Many people at Cisco Press have helped make this book a success. Amy Lewis helped greatly by taking care
of many details. Many others worked behind the scenes, and although I never met them, they are appreci-
ated! Cisco Press spends much more time producing the book than I do to simply write it—they have the
laborious tasks! Thanks to all on the team!
The technical editors deserve most, if not all, of the credit for making the content robust and complete.
There is no question that the book is immensely better after the edit process! While all the editors gave a
great deal of help, each brought some particular strengths to the task. Tinjin, thanks for pointing out topics
for which just a little deeper technical coverage would help to clear up a topic. Steve, thanks for the input
relating to points that come up in the many classes you teach. David, thanks for jumping into the fray in the
middle of the process and adding some great help. Barb, you get the most credit for removing errors from
the book! (Of course, I take full responsibility for any remaining errors.) And, to my old friend Frank,
thanks for all the help and the occasional good-bad joke in your editing comments! (An example: “What’s a
gateway? About 50 pounds!” If you didn’t get it, “gateway” sounds like “gate weigh.”) All the technical edi-
tors were an immense help.
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction xx
Chapter 1 All About the Cisco Certified Network Associate Certification 2
Chapter 2 Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) Fundamentals 20
Chapter 3 OSI Reference Model & Layered Communication 68
Chapter 4 Bridges/Switches and LAN Design 128
Chapter 5 Network Protocols 210
Chapter 6 Routing 352
Chapter 7 Understanding Access List Security 454
Chapter 8 WAN Protocols and Design 514
Chapter 9 Scenarios for Final Preparation 638
Appendix A Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes and Q&A Sections 700
Appendix B Decimal to Hexadecimal and Binary Conversion Table 776
Index 786
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Table of Contents
Introduction xx
Chapter 1 All About the Cisco Certified Network Associate Certification 2
How This Book Can Help You Prepare and Pass the CCNA Exam 4
Overview of Cisco Certifications 4
Exams Required for Certification 6
Other Cisco Certifications 7
What’s on the CCNA Exam 8
Topics on the Exam 9
Recommended Training Path for CCNA 11
How to Use This Book to Pass the Exam 12
I’ve Taken ICND—Now What? 14
I’ve Taken ICRC—Now What? 15
I’ve Taken the Cisco Networking Academy Courses—Now What? 16
I’m New to Internetworking with Cisco, and I Will Not Be Taking the ICND Course—
Now What? 17
I’ve Learned a Lot About CCNA Topics Through Experience, But I Will Not Be Taking
the ICND Course—Now What? 18
Conclusion 18
Chapter 2 Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) Fundamentals 20
How to Best Use This Chapter 21
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 22
The IOS and Its User Interface 26
Router Components 26
Command-Line Interface 28
Navigating the IOS CLI 30
Configuration Processes and the Configuration File 34
Example Configuration Process 37
Managing Configuration Files 39
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) 45
Managing IOS Images 48
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Upgrading an IOS Image into Flash Memory 48
Choosing Which IOS Image to Load 50
Scenario 2-1 61
Questions on Scenario 2-1 62
Scenario 2-2 63
Questions on Scenario 2-2 63
Scenario 2-1 Answers 66
Scenario 2-2 Answers 66
Chapter 3 OSI Reference Model & Layered Communication 68
How to Best Use This Chapter 69
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 70
The OSI, TCP/IP, and NetWare Protocol Architectures 74
OSI: Origin and Evolution 74
OSI Layers 75
Layering Benefits and Concepts 78
Interaction Between OSI Layers 79
The TCP/IP and NetWare Protocols 86
OSI Transport Layer Functions 87
Connection-Oriented Versus Connectionless Protocols 87
How Error Recovery Is Accomplished 89
Flow Control 91
OSI Data Link Layer Functions 94
Data Link Function 1: Arbitration 95
Data Link Function 2: Addressing 96
Data Link Function 3: Error Detection 98
Data Link Function 4: Identifying the Encapsulated Data 98
Summary: Data Link Functions 102
OSI Network Layer Functions 103
Routing 103
Network Layer (Layer 3) Addressing 107
Scenario 3-1 121
Task 1 for Scenario 3-1 122
Task 2 for Scenario 3-1 123
Task 3 for Scenario 3-1 123
Answers to Task 1 for Scenario 3-1 124
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Answers to Task 2 for Scenario 3-1 124
Answers to Task 3 for Scenario 3-1 126
Chapter 4 Bridges/Switches and LAN Design 128
How to Best Use This Chapter 129
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 130
LAN Overview 135
LAN Addressing 138
LAN Framing 140
Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet 142
LAN Standards 143
Bridging, Switching, and Spanning Tree 145
Transparent Bridging 145
LAN Switching 148
Comparison of LAN Segmentation Using Bridges, Switches, and Routers 155
Spanning Tree 158
Virtual LANs 171
VLAN Summary 177
LAN Switch Configuration 177
Basic 1900 Switch Configuration 178
Basic VLAN Configuration 187
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) 194
Chapter 5 Network Protocols 210
How to Best Use This Chapter 211
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 212
TCP/IP Protocols 217
Transmission Control Protocol 217
User Datagram Protocol 224
Address Resolution Protocol 226
Internet Control Message Protocol 227
FTP and TFTP 232
IP Addressing and Subnetting 235
IP Addressing Review 235
Five Ways the Exam Will Test Your IP Addressing Knowledge 244
CIDR, Private Addressing, and NAT 267