Cast Iron: Physical and Engineering Properties PDF
Preview Cast Iron: Physical and Engineering Properties
To my wife and Andrew C a st I r o n: P h y s i c al a nd E n g i n e e r i ng P r o p e r t i es H.T. Angus, M.Sc, Ph.D. Formerly Deputy Director of the British Cast Iron Research Association BUTTERWORTHS LONDON-BOSTON Sydney-Wellington-Durban-Toronto THE BUTTERWORTH GROUP ENGLAND NEW ZEALAND Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd Butterworths of New Zealand Ltd London: 88 Kingsway, WC2B 6AB Wellington : Τ & W Young Building, CPO Box 472, 77-85 Customhouse Quay AUSTRALIA CANADA Butterworths Pty Ltd Sydney: 586 Pacific Highway, Chatsworth, Butterworth & Co (Canada) Ltd NSW 2067 Toronto: 2265 Midland Avenue, Also at Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Scarborough, Ontario, M1P 4SI Perth USA SOUTH AFRICA Butterworth (Publishers) Inc Butterworth & Co (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd Boston: 19 Cummings Park, Woburn, Durban: 152-154 Gale Street Mass. 01801 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the written permission of the copyright holder, application for which should be addressed to the Publishers. Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. This book is sold subject to the Standard Conditions of Sale of Net Books and may not be re-sold in the UK below the net price given by the Publishers in their current price list. First published in 1960 (as Physical and Engineering Properties of Cast Iron) by the British Cast Iron Research Association Second Edition 1976 Reprinted 1978 ISBN 0 408 70933 2 © Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd, 1976 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Angus, Harold Τ Cast iron: physical and engineering properties. Published in 1960 under title: Physical and engineering properties of cast iron. Includes index. 1. Cast-iron. TA474.A6 1975 620.1 7 75-31960 ISBN 0-408-70933-2 Printed in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd, Frome and London Preface The first edition of this book, published in 1960 by the British Cast Iron Research Association, originated in a private collection of data which the author had acquired during a fairly wide range of industrial experience and from problems submitted to the British Cast Iron Research Association. There is probably no single item recorded that has not been required at some time or another, and it appeared probable, therefore, that such a collection of data and experience might be of value to others in the foundry and engineering industries. The task of assembling, correcting and checking would have been impossible as a spare time occupation without the unstinted assistance of the staffs of the Advisory Services and Investigations Depart- ments of the Association under Mr. S. W. Palmer and Mr. I. C. H. Hughes, and of course the Information Department under Mr. M. R. Thibault. Much of the work quoted is taken directly from published and unpublished re- searches and reviews by members of all three departments of the Association. There must be few industrial countries of the world which have not con- tributed notably to some section of the data quoted. The lists of references, however, are not intended to be exhaustive, and in many cases reference is made to more extensive works from which such lists can be obtained. The Gray and Ductile Iron Castings Handbook, published by the Gray and Ductile Iron Founders' Society of America, contains very full lists of references on many subjects. The data were originally presented primarily in Imperial units, pound and ton units (22401b) and in some cases in metric (c.g.s. units). The Système Internationale (SI) units were introduced after the main text had been prepared and although SI units have not yet been adopted universally—and notably not in the USA—nevertheless their use is likely to increase and where possible in tables, text and figures in this book, the SI units have been added to the conventional units. However, as the whole of the data printed in the book was originally carried out and published in Imperial or metric units it would have been wrong to issue the values in SI units only as it would make reference back to the original work almost impossible. The manner in which the information is arranged is due to the author's PREFACE personal taste and has often depended upon the way in which a particular subject has been presented as an industrial problem. In many cases a good deal of background investigation detail has been given with the data so that the reader can form his own conclusions on the validity of the data in relation to his own circumstances. No attempt has been made to provide a detailed treatment of all the subjects dealt with, but an attempt has been made to summarise the latest information and research work and then to make reference to the various authorities for fuller information. In particular, the papers of Morrogh on the metallurgy of cast iron, and of Gilbert on the mechanical properties of cast iron, must be studied by anyone wishing to be fully acquainted with these subjects. Dr. H. E. Merritt in his book on gears quoted Robertson Buchanan, who in 1808 submitted that \.. a rule though not absolutely perfect is better in all cases than to have no guide whatever' and added that '... clothing rules in algebraic garb may give them a deceptive appearance of truth'. The author agrees with both these statements. The author is particularly indebted to the late Mr. G. R. Woodward and Mr. M. R. Thibault for the constant detailed help given in preparing this work for publication, and to Miss D. S. Drake, Mr. A. S. Morrison and Miss T. M. Jones for their untiring efforts in locating and assembling data and information from the most inaccessible sources. Finally, it should be said that this book would not have been written with- out the constant encouragement and support of the late Dr. J. G. Pearce, Director of the British Cast Iron Research Association, 1924 to 1958, Dr. H. Morrogh, the present Director, and the Council of the Association. H.T.A. SI Units (Système Internationale d'Unités) This is an international system of units which has been adopted with slight modifications in the legislation of most countries that use the metric system and it is the system being adopted by the UK. SI units form a coherent system, i.e. the product or quotient of any two unit quantities is the unit of the resultant quantity, for example: Unit area = unit length χ unit length Unit velocity = unit length -r- unit time Unit force = unit mass χ unit acceleration The SI base and derived units which are important to the contents of this book are given below, together with further information on some of the units and a table of conversion factors. Some base and derived SI units Expressed in CGS and Name of terms of SI Imperial Quantity Symbol other metric SI unit base or derived ft lb s cm g s units Base units: Length metre m foot centimetre Mass kilogram kg pound gram Time second s second second Derived units: Force newton Ν lN = lkgm/s 2 pound force kilogram (lbf) force (kgf or kp) poundal (pdl) gram force (go dyne (dyn) Work, energy, joule J 1J = 1Nm horsepower kilowatt quantity of heat hour (hp h) hour (kWh) Power watt w 1W = 1J/S foot pound kilogram force force metre (ft. lbf) per second (kgf. m/s) nits u c etri m CGS and other 0002 54cm 2-54 cm 30-48 cm 91-44 cm 1-609 km 2 6-452 cm2 92-9 cm2 2-59 km 3 16-387 cm3 28 317 cm4-546 litres 453-6 g 1 0161 kg 1-609 km/h 0-304 8 m/s 3 27-7 g/cm3 0-016 02 g/cm nits U c ri CGS and Other Met Definition in SI 25-4 μτç 25-4 mm 0304 8 m 0914 4m 1-609 34 km 2 645 16 mm2 0092 903 m2 2-589 99 km 3 16-387 1cm3 28 316 8 dm3 4-546 092 dm 0-453 592 37 kg 101605 kg 1 1-609 34km.li-1 0-304 8 m.s" 3 27-6799 Mg.nT3 16018 5kg.m~ I, S o t nits U h ritis B ors From Symbol _3in 10lin 1ft 1yd 1 mile 2 lin2 1ft2 1 mile 3 lin3 1ftlgal lib 1 ton 1 mph lft/s 3 1 lb/in3 1 lb/ft ct a F n Conversio Unit thou inch foot yard mile square inch square foot square mile cubic inch cubic foot UK gallon pound ton mile per hour foot per second pound per cubic inch pound per cubic foot y ntit a u q Physical Length Area Volume Mass Velocity Velocity Density dry) wet) g, g, HH mm CGS and other metric units 453-59 gf 0-453 6 kgf 1 01605 kgf 2 0070 3kgf/cm 2 157-5 kgf/cm2 1-575 kgf/mm 252 cal 0-252 kcal 25 200 kcal 0138 3kgf.m 1Ό14 metric hp 0 138 3kgf.m/s 252 cal/h 0-252 kcal/h 0-555 kcal/kg 39-547 kcal/m (0°C, 760 m39-487 kcal/m (0°C, 760 m 1 cal/g.°C 0-004 134 cal/cm.s.°C* 20000 136 cal/cm.s.°C 1 Definition in SI 4-448 22 Ν 9-964 02 kN 2 6894-76 N.m"2 15-444 3 MN.rn"2 1-544 43 daN/mm2 1-544 43 kN/cm1-544 43 hbar 1055 06 k J 105-506 MJ 1-355 82 J 0-745 7 kW 1-355 82 W 0-293 071 W 1 2 326J.kg~ 3 37-258 9 kJ.rrr 11 K"4 186-8J.kg- -1-73073 W.m-'K 21 5-678 W.m-K" = = = n) Symbol llbf 1 tonf 2 1 lbf/in2 1 tonf/in 1 Btu ITh 1 ft.lbf lhp (33 000ft.lb/mi1 ft.lbf/s 1 Btu/h 1 Btu/lb 3 1 Btu/ft 1 Btu/lb.°F 1 Btu/ft.°F.h 21 Btu/ft.h.°F h Unit pound force ton force pound per square incton per square inch British thermal unit therm (100 000 Btu) foot pound force horsepower foot pound second Btu per hour Btu per pound Btu per cubic foot (30 inHg, 60°F, wet) ec/°C/cm s 2m/ c Physical quantity Force Pressure Energy Power Heat flow Specific energy Calorific value Specific heat and specific entropy Thermal conductivity Thermal conductance 1 cal/* 1 cal/cm.s.°C = SI UNITS (SYSTÈME INTERNATIONALE D'UNITÉS) Factor by which the Prefix Symbol unit is multiplied 9 nano η ΙΟ" -6 micro ΙΟ milli m ΙΟ"3 deca da 10 kilo k ΙΟ3 mega M ΙΟ6 giga G ΙΟ9 The unit of mass (or weight) is an artificial one, the kilogram, which is equal to the mass of the international prototype in the custody of the Bureau Inter- national des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres near Paris. The SI unit of force is the newton, which is the force required to give unit acceleration (1 m/s2) to unit mass (1 kg). Thus 1 newton = 1 kg m/s 2 = 105 dyn = 0224 81bf=0101 97kgf or as Newton might have appreciated = weight of an apple (about 3-6 oz) approximately. The Imperial pound force (Ibf) gives to 1 pound mass the gravitational acceleration of 32· 174 ft/s2.1 lbf = 32· 174 pdl = 4-448 Ν = 453-59 gf. The poundal (pdl) gives to 1 pound mass an acceleration of 1 ft/s 2 = 0 138 3 N. In metric technical units the kilogram force (kgf or kp) will give to 1 kg (mass) the gravitational acceleration of 9-806 7 m/s 2 and in equivalent to 2-205 lbf. The dyne idyn) gives to 1 gram mass an acceleration of 1 cm/s 2 = 2-248 χ 10" ι lbf. The SI unit of pressure and stress is the pascal (Pa) which is the special name for newton per square metre (N/m 2). This unit is very small for much practical use (1 N/m2 = 0000 145lbf/in2) and newtons per square millimetre which is the same value as meganewtons per square metre (MN/m2) may be used. 1 MN/m2 = 1 N/mm2 = 145 lbf/in2. The standard atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg at 0°C) 1 atm = 1-033 2 kgf/cm2 = 1 013 250 dyn/cm2 = 14-696 lbf/in2 = 1013 bar = 29-92 inHg at 0°C = 33-9 ft water. The technical atmosphere (736 mmHg at 0°C) 1 at = 1 kgf/cm2 = 14-223 lbf/in2 = 0-968 standard atmosphere (atm). The bar (750-1 mmHg at 0°C) 1 bar = 1019 7 kgf/cm2 = 14-504 lbf/in2 = 0-986 9 standard atmosphere (atm). The torr=\ mmHg at 0°C. The hardness Vickers, l(HV)=\ kgf/mm2 = 1 422-3 lbf/in2 =9-806 7 N/mm2. ; /b//m2 = 703kgf/mm2 χ 10"4 = 6895N/m2. I tonf/in2 = 1-574 9 kgf/mm2 = 15-44 MN/m2 = 15-44 N/mm2. SI UNITS (SYSTÈME INTERNATIONALE D'UNITÉS) Distance, roughness 1 in = 25400 mm. 40 micro inches (39*4ìßç) = 1 micron = 1 μ metre. 1 thousandth of an inch (10"3 in) = 0-025 4 mm = 25-4 μ metres. Heat 1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 252 cal = 0-252 kcal = 1055 joule = 778 ft.Ibf= 107-6 kgf.m. 1 therm (Th)= 100 000 Btu = 25 200 kcal = 105-506 MJ. 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 3-968 Btu = 4 186-8 joule = 3088 ft.Ibf =426-8 kgf.m. 1 joule = 1 watt second = 0000948 Btu = 0-737 5ft.Ibf = 01019kgf.m. Thermal conductivity* 1 cal/cm.s. °C = 418-68 W/m.K = 0-8063 Btu/ft2/sec/ F/inch thickness. 1 W/m.K = 0002 39 cal/cm.s.°C. Heat flow rate 1 watt (W) = 0-238 8 calories per second (cal/s) = 3-412 Btu/h. 2 *1 cal/cm.s. °C=1 cal/cm cmsec'C
The list of books you might like
