Cardiac Biomarkers: Case Studies and Clinical Correlations PDF
Preview Cardiac Biomarkers: Case Studies and Clinical Correlations
Cardiac Biomarkers Case Studies and Clinical Correlations Alan S. Maisel Allan S. Jaff e Editors 123 Cardiac Biomarkers Alan S. Maisel (cid:129) Allan S. Jaffe Editors Cardiac Biomarkers Case Studies and Clinical Correlations Editors Alan S. Maisel Allan S. Jaffe Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Cardiology Department University of California San Diego Mayo Clinic La Jolla, CA Rochester, MN USA USA ISBN 978-3-319-42980-9 ISBN 978-3-319-42982-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42982-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016955804 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Dedicated to Dr. Burton E. Sobel, whose pioneering work on creatine kinase and tireless mentoring were instrumental in helping us understand the importance of biomarkers, and my partner in crime at Washington University where we validated the initial assay for cTnI, Dr. Jack Ladenson. Allan S. Jaffe, MD Pref ace B iomarkers now play an integral role in the treatment and management of patients with congestive heart failure and acute ischemic heart disease because of the impor- tant information the values provide. All of us in the fi eld are terribly interested in how to optimally use these biomarkers and particularly to understand when values provide actionable information. However, extrapolating a large compendium of information to the average clinician is diffi cult because many do not have the under- lying basic science, laboratory, and/or clinical expertise about the use of these markers. Accordingly, it seemed to us that there was a need to develop a case-based com- pendium of learning. For that reason, we asked our most knowledgeable colleagues to help us generate a book that hopefully comprehensively informs clinicians about how to optimally deploy the major clinically utilized biomarkers in a case-based manner. From scrutinizing the chapters, it appears we have succeeded. We hope you will enjoy and learn from the case studies as much as we have. La Jolla , CA , USA Alan S. Maisel , MD Rochester , MN , USA Allan S. Jaffe , MD vii Acknowledgments I would fi rst like to acknowledge the now deceased Dr. Ralph Shabetai, who, as my fi rst cardiology section chief, taught me the fi ne balance with the art and science of medicine. Never have I met a more selfl ess and giving man than Ralph. Second, I would like to thank my laboratory personnel, without whose help and support over these many years I would never have been half as productive as I have been. A spe- cial thanks to my lab director, Stever Carter, for 30 years of unwavering loyalty. I would be remiss if I did not thank my fi ve children, who remind me on a daily basis why I inhabit the earth. Finally, my wife, Fran, thank you for putting up with long hours, extensive travel, and a crazy sense of humor. Alan S. Maisel, MD ix Contents Part I Ischemic Heart Disease 1 Pre-analytical Factors and Analytical Issues Affecting Interpretation of Cardiovascular Biomarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Amy K. Saenger 2 Troponin Basics for Clinicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Yader Sandoval and Fred S. Apple 3 Unique Aspects of High Sensitivity Assays: What Are They, Why Do We Need Them, and How Do We Use Them? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Paul Ormandy Collinson 4 Evaluation of Patients Presenting with Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Where Do Troponins Fit In? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Martin Paul Than and Louise Cullen 5 Using Cardiac Troponins in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Johannes Mair and K ristian Thygesen 6 What Is a Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: How Is It Recognized and What Should One Do to Establish That Diagnosis? . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Joseph S. Alpert and Allan S. Jaffe 7 Use of Cardiac Troponin in Patients with Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Wayne L. Miller 8 Elevated cTn in Other Acute Situations Such as Atrial Fibrillation, Sepsis, Respiratory Failure, and Gastrointestinal Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Evangelos Giannitsis and Hugo A. Katus 9 Use of cTn for Detection of More Chronic Disease States . . . . . . . . . . 111 Ravi H. Parikh and Christopher R. deFilippi xi xii Contents 10 Use of High-Sensitive cTn Assays for the Evaluation of Patients Potentially at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Kai M. Eggers and Per Venge 11 Other Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Roxana Ghashghaei and Nicholas Marston 12 Newer Lipid Markers: Apolipoprotein B, LDL Particle Concentration, and Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins – When Are They Needed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Renato Quispe , Seth S. Martin , and Steven R. Jones Part II Heart Failure 13 Natriuretic Peptides: Physiology for the Clinician. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Siu-Hin Wan and Horng H. Chen 14 Natriuretic Peptides: Basic Analytic Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Alan H. B. Wu 15 Natriuretic Peptide Use in Screening in the Community . . . . . . . . . . 181 Noel S. Lee and Lori B. Daniels 16 Natriuretic Peptide Use in the Emergency Department . . . . . . . . . . . 195 W. Frank Peacock and Salvator DiSomma 17 Heart Failure: Natriuretic Peptide Use in the Hospital . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Kevin Shah and James Iwaz 18 Natriuretic Peptide Guided Therapy in Outpatient Heart Failure Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Matthew N. Peters and Christopher R. deFilippi 19 Caveats Using Natriuretic Peptide Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Trenton M. Gluck , Kevin Shah , and Alan S. Maisel 20 Gaps in Our Biomarker Armamentarium: What Novel Biomarkers Might Be Synergistic in Patients with Acute Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Bertil Lindahl 21 Biomarkers in Heart Failure: ST2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Antoni Bayes-Genis and Josep Lupón 22 Biomarkers in Heart Failure: Procalcitonin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Martin Möckel and J ulia Searle 23 Novel Biomarkers in Heart Failure: Adrenomedullin and Proenkephalin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Daniel Chan and Leong Ng Contents xiii 24 Biomarkers in Specific Disease States: Cardio-Oncology . . . . . . . . . . 297 Ugochukwu O. Egolum and Daniel J. Lenihan 25 Biomarkers of Sarcopenia and Mitochondrial Dysfunction . . . . . . . . 317 Boris Arbit , Elizabeth Lee , and Pam R. Taub 26 Biomarkers in Arrhythmias, Sudden Death, and Device Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 David E. Krummen and Lori B. Daniels 27 Biomarkers in Cardio-Renal Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Nicholas Phreaner , Alex Pearce , and Alan S. Maisel 28 Biomarkers in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Robert Colbert , Rohit Mital , and Nicholas Marston Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
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