Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites PDF
Preview Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites
RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Edited by Dimitrios Tasis Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites Tasis Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Series Editors: Professor Paul O’Brien, University of Manchester, UK Professor Sir Harry Kroto FRS, University of Sussex, UK Professor Ralph Nuzzo, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Titles in the Series: 1: Nanotubes and Nanowires 2: Fullerenes: Principles and Applications 3: Nanocharacterisation 4: Atom Resolved Surface Reactions: Nanocatalysis 5: Biomimetic Nanoceramics in Clinical Use: From Materials to Applications 6: Nanofluidics: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7: Bionanodesign: Following Nature’s Touch 8: Nano-Society: Pushing the Boundaries of Technology 9: Polymer-based Nanostructures: Medical Applications 10: Metallic and Molecular Interactions in Nanometer Layers, Pores and Particles: New Findings at the Yoctolitre Level 11: Nanocasting: A Versatile Strategy for Creating Nanostructured Porous Materials 12: Titanate and Titania Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 13: Raman Spectroscopy, Fullerenes and Nanotechnology 14: Nanotechnologies in Food 15: Unravelling Single Cell Genomics: Micro and Nanotools 16: Polymer Nanocomposites by Emulsion and Suspension 17: Phage Nanobiotechnology nd 18: Nanotubes and Nanowires: 2 Edition 19: Nanostructured Catalysts: Transition Metal Oxides nd 20: Fullerenes: Principles and Applications, 2 Edition 21: Biological Interactions with Surface Charge Biomaterials 22: Nanoporous Gold: From an Ancient Technology to a High-Tech Material 23: Nanoparticles in Anti-Microbial Materials: Use and Characterisation 24: Manipulation of Nanoscale Materials: An Introduction to Nanoarchitectonics 25: Towards Efficient Designing of Safe Nanomaterials: Innovative Merge of Computational Approaches and Experimental Techniques 26: Polymer–Graphene Nanocomposites 27: Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites How to obtain future titles on publication: A standing order plan is available for this series. A standing order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately on publication. For further information please contact: Book Sales Department, Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK Telephone: +44 (0)1223 420066, Fax: +44 (0)1223 420247 Email: CarbonNanotube–PolymerComposites Edited by Dimitrios Tasis Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, Greece Email: RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology No. 27 ISBN: 978-1-84973-568-1 ISSN: 1757-7136 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library # The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 All rights reserved Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. The RSC is not responsible for individual opinions expressed in this work. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK Registered Charity Number 207890 For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org Printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, Dorchester, DT1 1HD, UK Preface The combination of carbon nanotube special properties (structural and conductive) makes them the ideal filler material in various polymer matrices for a wide range of applications. With the aim of mimicking the conditions existing in metal rod-reinforced concrete, Ajayan and co-workers reported the first ever fabrication of a carbon nanotube/polymer composite in 1994. Since then, there have been some thousands of works published, revealing the potential of polymers reinforced with one-dimensional graphitic nanostruc- tures. In the early years of related research, as-prepared carbon nanotube material was actually a mixture of different metallicities, diameters and lengths, not to mention the presence of impurities and sidewall defects. Furthermore, self-aggregation phenomena due to van der Waals interactions and a lack of chemical affinity between the filler and the matrix have been found to hamper the homogeneous distribution of the graphitic nanostructures within a polymer matrix. Finally, due to their relatively short length and the presence of sidewall defects, carbon nanotubes are normally curled, and therefore individual tubes embedded in a polymer only exhibit a fraction of their potential. Thus, the superb properties of the graphitic nanomaterial have been partially translated into high stiffness and conductivity polymer composites. Only in recent years have been great advances towards the development of multifunctional carbon nanotube/polymer assemblies. The purpose of this book is to summarize the basic principles of carbon nanotube chemistry in relation to the fabrication of polymer composites, but also to highlight some of the most remarkable advances that have occurred in the topic during the last recent years. Indeed, the rapid advances in the chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes have paved the way towards the fabrication of hybrid polymer-based assemblies with enhanced potential in a wide range of applications. Recent studies have shown that such carbon RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology No. 27 Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites Edited by Dimitrios Tasis # The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org v vi Preface nanotube/polymer composites exhibit interesting activities, as supercapacitors, battery electrodes, organic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, actuators and infrared sensors, as well as conductive coatings. All these aspects of carbon nanotube/polymer composite science are summarized in the different chapters collected in this book. Two additional chapters are devoted to a related and very important field, namely the development of characterization tools for carbon nanotube/polymer samples. The different chapters of the present book have been delivered by prominent experts and I would like to sincerely thank all of them for their effort and their enthusiasm to participate to this journey. My gratitude is extended to the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) for its high standard of support in this adventure and to all of the RSC members who contributed to the process regarding the efficient handling of all the chapters. Especially, I would like to acknowledge the help of Mrs Rosalind Searle and Dr Merlin Fox during the whole editing process. Further, I would like to thank the RSC Design team for the design of the front cover image. Contents Chapter 1 Conducting Polymer-based Carbon Nanotube Composites: Preparation and Applications 1 Sang-Ha Hwang, Jeong-Min Seo, In-Yup Jeon, Young-Bin Park and Jong-Beom Baek 1.1 Discovery of Conducting Polymers 1 1.2 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 2 1.3 Conductivity and Doping of Conducting Polymers 3 1.4 Conducting Polymers as Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Composite Matrices 6 1.5 Applications of CNT/Conducting Polymer Composites 9 1.5.1 Supercapacitors 9 1.5.2 Rechargeable Lithium-ion Battery Electrodes 12 1.5.3 Photovoltaic Devices 14 1.5.4 Organic Light-emitting Diodes (OLEDs) 16 1.6 Conclusions 17 Acknowledgements 17 References 18 Chapter 2 Actuators and Infrared Sensors Based on Carbon Nanotube– Polymer Composites 22 Jian Chen 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Shape-Memory CNT–Polymer Composites 23 2.2.1 IR Heating of CNT–SMP composites 25 2.2.2 Inductive Heating of CNT–SMP composites 28 2.2.3 Resistive Heating of CNT–SMP composites 28 RSC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology No. 27 Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composites Edited by Dimitrios Tasis # The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org vii viii Contents 2.3 Shape-Changing CNT–Polymer Composites 31 2.3.1 Light-driven Shape-changing CNT–Polymer Composites 32 2.3.2 Electroactive Shape-changing CNT–Polymer Composites 36 2.4 CNT–Polymer Composite IR Sensors 42 2.5 Conclusions 44 Acknowledgements 45 References 45 Chapter 3 Photoelectrical Responses of Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composites 51 Yumeng Shi and Lain-Jong Li 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Band Structure and Chirality Dependence 52 3.3 Band-to-band Transition of SWNTs 53 3.4 Wrapping SWNTs with Polymers 56 3.5 Energy Transfer from Photosensitive Polymers to SWNTs 58 3.6 Photoelectric Responses from the SWNTs Coated with Photosensitive Polymers 58 3.6.1 SWNT Optoelectronic Devices Based on Photosensitive Polymers 59 3.6.2 Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM) Measurement of SWNT–Polymer 63 3.6.3 The Ability for Hole and Electron Discrimination in SWNTs 64 3.7 Conclusions 69 References 69 Chapter 4 Chemical Functionalisation of Carbon Nanotubes for Polymer Reinforcement 72 Yurii K. Gun’ko 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Non-covalent Functionalisation of CNTs 73 4.3 Covalent Functionalisation 77 4.3.1 ‘‘Grafting From’’ Approach 79 4.3.2 ‘‘Grafting To’’ Approach 81 4.4 Combination of Non-covalent and Covalent Approaches 83 4.5 Main Techniques for Fabrication of CNT–Polymer Composites 85 4.5.1 Solution Processing of Composites 86 Contents ix 4.5.2 Melt Processing 86 4.5.3 In Situ Polymerisation Processing 87 4.5.4 Processing of Composites Based on Thermosets 89 4.5.5 Coagulation Spinning and Electrospinning 90 4.5.6 Buckypaper-based Approaches 91 4.5.7 Layer-by-layer (LBL) Technique 92 4.5.8 Swelling Under Ultrasound Technique 93 4.6 Influence of Nanotube Functionalisation on Mechanical Properties of CNT–Polymer Composites 93 4.7 Role of Fabrication and Processing Techniques in Reinforcement of Polymers by CNTs 100 4.7.1 Mechanical Properties of Solution-processed Composites 100 4.7.2 Mechanical Properties of Melt-processed Composites 101 4.7.3 Mechanical Properties of Composites Based on Thermosetting Polymers 103 4.7.4 Mechanical Properties of Composites Prepared by In Situ Polymerisation 104 4.7.5 Mechanical Properties of Composites Fibres Prepared by Spinning 105 4.7.6 Mechanical Properties of Composites Prepared Using Buckypaper 106 4.7.7 Mechanical Properties of Composites Prepared Using LBL Approach 107 4.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 108 References 110 Chapter 5 Polymer-grafted Carbon Nanotubes via ‘‘Grafting From’’ Approach 120 Chao Gao, Zheng Liu, Liang Kou and Xiaoli Zhao 5.1 Linear Polymer-functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 120 5.1.1 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) Approach to Polymer-grafted CNTs 120 5.1.2 Reversible-addition Fragmentation Chain- transfer (RAFT) Polymerization Approach to Polymer-grafted CNTs 142 5.1.3 Nitroxide-mediated Radical Polymerization (NMRP) Approach to Polymer-grafted CNTs 146 5.1.4 Ring-opening Polymerization (ROP) Approach to Polymer-grafted CNTs 148 5.1.5 Ring-opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) Approach to Polymer-grafted CNTs 155
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