Carbon nanomaterials PDF
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Materials science GoGotSi Carbon PrESSEr Nanomaterials Carbon Second Edition Nanomaterials “… represents a very comprehensive overview on various types of carbon nanoma- terials and their different fields of applications … well-written and perfectly suitable for undergraduates and PhD students, experts in the fields, newcomers and industry.” Second Edition — Magdalena Titirici, Queen Mary University of London, UK With rapid developments of novel nanomaterials, such as graphene (atomically flat carbon) or carbon onions (carbon nanospheres), the family of carbon nanomaterials is rapidly growing, and consequently, the need for a revised and updated edition of Carbon Nanomaterials. Keeping the features that made the first edition so popular, this second edition of a bestseller provides information on synthesis, properties, and applications of carbon nanomaterials. See What’s New in the Second Edition • All chapters either completely new or fully revised, expanding the book from 9 chapters to 16 • New chapters covering graphene, carbon onions, nanodiamonds, and applications of carbon nanomaterials for biosensing, field emission, water treatment, and cell probes • All chapters written by leading authors in their respective fields The book covers a wide range of carbons, from small 0-dimensional fullerenes, to 1-dimensional nanotubes, 2-dimensional graphene, and 3-dimensional carbon networks. Building on the expertise of leading scientists in the field, the content reflects the state-of-the-art knowledge and presents insights into ongoing, emerging, and future research activities. Each nanomaterial presented in the book is show- cased and introduced in terms of the following sections: synthesis methods, properties, and applications. Some key applications are further expanded to full book chapters, such as energy conversion, biosensors, bioprobes, and water treatment. Carbon nanomaterials are among the most widely researched materials in the world, used in applications as diverse as electronics, energy, Edited by wastewater treatment, and biomedical engineering, just to name a few. Yury Gogotsi and Volker Presser Covering the entire carbon nanomaterials family, this book offers a comprehensive coverage of structure, properties, synthesis, and appli- Second cations of carbon nanomaterials to provide a representative overview Edition of the entire field. K14293 ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-9781-2 90000 9 781439 897812 K14293_Cover_mech.indd All Pages 9/16/13 2:20 PM Carbon Nanomaterials Second Edition Advanced Materials and Technologies Series Series Editor Yury Gogotsi Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Carbon Nanomaterials, Second Edition, edited by Yury Gogotsi and Volker Presser François Béguin and Elzbieta Frackowiak Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials, Pradeep Fulay Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, edited by François Béguin and Elzbieta Frackowiak Nanotubes and Nanofibers, edited by Yury Gogotsi Carbon Nanomaterials Second Edition Edited by Yury Gogotsi and Volker Presser Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130819 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-0242-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com This book is dedicated to our families who have always been there for us. In memory of John E. (Jack) Fischer (1939–2011)—a dedicated carbon scientist, excellent colleague, and friend. © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix Editors ...............................................................................................................................................xi Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications .....................................................1 Zongbin Zhao and Jieshan Qiu Chapter 2 Fullerene C Architectures in Materials Science ......................................................47 60 Francesco Scarel and Aurelio Mateo-Alonso Chapter 3 Graphite Whiskers, Cones, and Polyhedral Crystals .................................................89 Svetlana Dimovski and Yury Gogotsi Chapter 4 Epitaxial Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes on Silicon Carbide ..............................115 Goknur C. Büke Chapter 5 Cooperative Interaction, Crystallization, and Properties of Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites .......................................................................................135 Eric D. Laird, Matthew A. Hood and Christopher Y. Li Chapter 6 Carbon Nanotube Biosensors ...................................................................................187 Mei Zhang, Pingang He, and Liming Dai Chapter 7 Carbon Nanostructures in Biomedical Applications ................................................217 Masoud Golshadi and Michael G. Schrlau Chapter 8 Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes ..................................................................233 Peng-Xiang Hou, Chang Liu, and Hui-Ming Cheng Chapter 9 Nanocrystalline Diamond ........................................................................................251 Alexander Vul’, Marina Baidakova, and Artur Dideikin Chapter 10 Carbon Onions .........................................................................................................279 Yuriy Butenko, Lidija Šiller, and Michael R. C. Hunt Chapter 11 Carbide-Derived Carbons ........................................................................................303 Yair Korenblit and Gleb Yushin vii © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC viii Contents Chapter 12 Templated and Ordered Mesoporous Carbons .........................................................331 Pasquale F. Fulvio, Joanna Gorka, Richard T. Mayes, and Sheng Dai Chapter 13 Oxidation and Purification of Carbon Nanostructures ............................................355 Sebastian Osswald and Bastian J. M. Etzold Chapter 14 Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nano-Carbons ..............................................................395 Masahiro Yoshimura and Jaganathan Senthilnathan Chapter 15 Carbon Nanomaterials for Water Desalination by Capacitive Deionization ...........419 P. Maarten Biesheuvel, Slawomir Porada, Albert van der Wal, and Volker Presser Chapter 16 Carbon Nanotubes for Photoinduced Energy Conversion Applications ..................463 Ge Peng, Sushant Sahu, Mohammed J. Meziani, Li Cao, Yamin Liu, and Ya-Ping Sun © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface Originating from humble beginnings when the term was coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi, nano- technology has become by far the fastest growing area and the shooting star in materials science and engineering. Its impact can be seen in everyday products with improved or novel proper- ties and, often as a buzz word, nanotechnology is widely present in the news and popular media. Typical examples range over a tremendously wide field, from high-performance computer chips and UV-blocking sun care cosmetics to nature’s very own nanotechnology, including the adhesion of gecko feet even to smooth surfaces or the incredible strength of spider webs. It is only since the advent of high-resolution characterization techniques and advanced computer modeling that we have started to understand the mysteries and marvels of the “nano world” in such a way that we are able to capitalize on its unique phenomena and tailor material properties for making nanoscale devices. Many of the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as fluorescence or high electron mobility, may vanish for macroscale objects. Carbon nanomaterials are widely used in commercial products. In mere numbers of scientific publications, the research on carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene, nanotubes, and fullerenes, exceeds by far all other fields of nanotechnology. Carbon nanotechnology has gained significant attention, energized by discoveries such as fullerenes, followed by carbon nanotubes, and, of course, the latest addition to the carbon family, graphene. Almost all recent discoveries relate back to the work that was done decades ago, such as the work on graphene from Hans-Peter Boehm in the 1960s or Eiji Osawa’s pioneering work that predicted fullerenes in 1970. As is common for materials science, it takes years for materials development to attain a mature state and, after the first hype of a new discovery, the actual use and applicability of such materials start to become clear. However, it is noticeable how the speed of transferring the novel discoveries from the laboratory to scalable production and applications has increased significantly. For example, when looking at carbon nano- tubes, manufacturing costs have been constantly decreasing during the past 20 years and today, large amounts of nanotubes are available for various applications. Currently, we see the same trend for graphene, yet at an even faster pace. Owing to the ability of carbon to occur in sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridization, carbon is truly the most versatile element in the periodic table with a large variety of allotropes and structures of various dimensionality, and it is exciting to see how new carbon mate- rials with unique properties are discovered and explored for various applications—ranging from energy or gas storage, to catalysis, water treatment, medical implants, drug delivery, biofiltration, electronics, and many more fields. While tutoring students and teaching graduate courses on nanostructured carbon materials, the need for a comprehensive, yet up-to-date, textbook on carbon nanotechnology became clear to us. The first edition of Carbon Nanomaterials from 2006 has become outdated because of the rapid developments in the field. Currently, there are a growing number of mostly topical books on car- bons; however, the variety of carbon nanomaterials and their applications is insufficiently reflected in such compilations. By completely revising and extensively expanding the first edition of Carbon Nanomaterials, we hope to reflect the diversity of carbon nanotechnology regarding their synthe- sis and properties and also provide insights into the actual applications. We follow the successful approach of having leading experts in their respective fields author single chapters to provide a “first hand” experience to the reader and in this way we also provide an outlook on ongoing and future developments. We acknowledge that no single book can capture all aspects of carbon nanotech- nology or provide a complete listing of all carbon nanomaterials. However, we believe that in the current compilation with 16 chapters, ranging from energy conversion and electronic applications, to water treatment and biomedicine, a representative cross-section is provided. The broad topic ix © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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