BS 9999 Handbook - Effective Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings PDF
Preview BS 9999 Handbook - Effective Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings
The BS 9999 Handbook Effective fire safety in the design, management and use of buildings Michael Green and Jonathan Joinson FirstpublishedintheUKin2010 by BSI 389ChiswickHighRoad LondonW44AL ©BritishStandardsInstitution2010 Allrightsreserved.ExceptaspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct 1988,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans–electronic,photocopying,recordingor otherwise–withoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. Whilsteverycarehasbeentakenindevelopingandcompilingthispublication,BSIaccepts noliabilityforanylossordamagecaused,arisingdirectlyorindirectlyinconnectionwith relianceonitscontentsexcepttotheextentthatsuchliabilitymaynotbeexcludedinlaw. The right ofMichaelGreenandJonathanJoinsonto be identified as the authors of this Work has been asserted by theminaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. TypesetinFrutigerbyHelius–www.helius.biz PrintedinGreatBritainbyBerfortsGroup.www.berforts.com BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-580-67508-9 Introduction BS9999andconsequentlythisguideareintendedforusebydesigners,fire engineers,fireandrescueservicesandfiresafetymanagers.However,theyare alsoclearlyofvaluetoregulators,enforcers,operators/endusers/clients,insurers andcontractors.Thestandardisdesignedasaholisticguidetobringtogether thekeyareasoffiresafety: • designformeansofwarningandescape; • fireresistanceperformancetoprotectmeansofescapeandprovidestructural stability; • theprovisionofaccessandfacilitiesforfirefighting; • firesafetymanagement. BS9999containsanumberofimportantchangesfromtheguidanceinthe BS5588series,particularlyintheapproachfordesignofmeansofescapeand construction.Italsointroducestheconceptoftheriskprofile.Itbringsforward guidancefromBS5588-5andBS5588-12andhastakenintoaccounttheinput fromamajorpublicconsultationprocess.Whencomparedwiththevarious nationalguidancedocumentsandotherBritishStandards,somefireprotection measureshavebeenincreasedandothershavebeenreducedtobetterreflect therisksthataremoreclearlyidentifiedbyrelatingtoboththecharacteristics ofoccupantsandthepotentialforfiredevelopmentinamoreintegratedway. Thisappliestomeansofescape,fireresistanceandfire-fightingprovisions. Therecommendationsspecificallyrelatingtofire-fightinghavebeenupdated totakeintoaccountthefindingsoftheBuildingDisasterAssessmentgroup (www.communities.gov.uk/fire/researchandstatistics/fireresearch/ buildingdisasterassessment/). IntheUK,technicalguidanceonfiresafetyisprovidedatthreedifferentlevels. Thispermitsadesignapproachtobeadoptedthatcorrespondstothecomplexity ofthebuildingandtothedegreeofflexibilityrequired.Thethreelevelsareas follows. • Generalapproach.Thislevelisapplicabletoamajorityofbuildingwork undertakenwithintheUK.Fireprecautionsdesignedintothebuilding usuallyfollowtheguidanceinvariousnationalprescriptivedocuments (e.g.ApprovedDocumentB)publishedtosupportlegislativerequirements. TheBS9999Handbook xvii Introduction • Advancedapproach.ThisisthelevelforwhichBS9999isprovided. Guidanceprovidedgivesamoretransparentandflexibleapproachthrough useofastructuredprocesstorisk-baseddesigntoaccountfordifferentfire andhumanfactors.MuchoftheguidanceinBS9999isbasedonfiresafety engineeringprinciples,althoughitisnotintendedasaguidetofiresafety engineering. • Firesafetyengineering.ThisisthelevelforwhichBS7974isprovided.This levelprovidesanalternativeapproachtofiresafetyandcanbetheonly practicalwaytoachieveasatisfactorystandardoffiresafetyinsomelarge andcomplexbuildings. Anearlydecisionbytheclientandthedesignteamonthemosteffectiveand efficientapproachisrecommendedsothattheneedsoftheprojectarebest served.Theremightbecircumstancesinwhichitisnecessarytouseone publicationtosupplementanother,butcareneedstobetakenwhenusinga ‘pick-and-mix’approachasitisessentialtoensurethatanintegratedapproach isusedinanyonebuilding.Clearjustificationisnecessaryifthisapproachis adopted. Themethodofprocurementofabuildingandthetimeatwhichafuture operator/endusercanbeidentifiedissubjecttoanumberofvariablesthat cannoteasilybeprescribed.Itisthereforeparticularlyimportantthatfiresafety information,riskassessmentsandotherrelevantdatathroughoutthewhole design,procurementandtheoperationofabuildingaremadeavailableby thoseresponsibleatthedifferentstages. Asperthestandard,thisguidedoesnotcoverthedesignofindividualdwelling houses,flatsormaisonettes.Forguidanceonthefiresafetydesignofthese typesofpremisesrefertoBS5588-1.1 Use of this handbook Thishandbook,likeBS9999,takestheformofguidanceandrecommendations. Itshouldnotbequotedasifitwereaspecification,andparticularcareshould betakentoensurethatclaimsofcompliancearenotmisleading. 1BS5588-1isduetobereplacedbyBS9991inlate2010. xviii TheBS9999Handbook Introduction Theprimarypurposeofthishandbookistoprovidea‘pocket’guidetotheuse ofBS9999thatiseasytouseanddrawstogetherthekeyareasoffiresafety designthatrequireconsiderationduringtheearlydevelopmentofdesign concepts.Thehandbookprovidesanaidtotheunderstandinganduseof BS9999andisnotintendedtobeasubstituteforthestandard.Themost commonlyuseddata,tables,figuresanda‘KeyPoints’listatthebeginningof eachchapterprovideaquickandeffectiveoverviewofthemeasuresthatmay benecessary.Inaddition,amethodologyispresentedtohelptheuserfindthe bestapproachtodeploytheflexibledesignrecommendationsintroducedby BS9999. Althoughitisaprescriptiveguide,BS9999hasarelationshipwithfiresafety engineering,andtheopportunityforadoptingsuchanapproachhasbeen identifiedinanumberofplacesthroughoutthishandbook.Theuseofthe guidanceinvolveslimitedcalculationandengineeringbutdoesrequire knowledgeoffiresafetyinordertobestjudgethemostappropriatepackage offireprotectionmeasures,managementandtraining.Itdoesallowforthe trade-offofonefireprotectionmeasureagainstanotherwithinalimited frameworkbeyondwhichafiresafetyengineeringapproachwouldberequired. TheBS9999Handbook xix Contents Listoftables xi Listoffigures xiii Foreword xv Introduction xvii 1. General 1 Principles 1 Spreadoffireandsmoke 2 Theimpactoffireonpeople 3 Historicbuildings 4 Propertyandbusinesscontinuityprotection 5 Meansofescapefordisabledpeople 6 Thefullcircleoffiresafety 7 2. Theconceptofariskprofile 10 Keypoints 10 Background 10 Occupancycharacteristics 11 Firegrowthrate 12 ThevalueofsprinklerswithinBS9999 16 3. Methodologyandtacticsforuseofthestandard 17 Keypoints 17 Background 17 Inclusionofautomaticsprinklers 20 Inclusionofautomaticfiredetectionandalarm 20 Takingadvantageofhighceilings 21 Exampleoftheapplicationoftheallowablevariationsandthe associatedbenefits 21 Multi-spacebuildingswithvariousriskprofiles 23 TheBS9999Handbook vii Contents 4. Allocationoffireprotectionmeasures 24 Keypoints 24 Background 24 Additionalfireprotectionmeasures 27 5. Managingfiresafety–design,occupationandconstruction 28 Keypoints 28 Background 28 Managementlevels 29 Designingsothatabuildingcanbemanaged 30 Firesafetymanual 34 6. Designformeansofescape 38 Keypoints 38 Background 38 Additionalfireprotectionmeasures 43 Effectofautomaticfiredetection 44 Effectofceilingheights 45 Maximumacceptablevariations 46 Traveldistance 46 Doorandescapestairwidths 47 Floorspacefactors 48 Alternativeescaperoutes 48 Innerrooms 52 Dead-endcorridors 54 Progressivehorizontalevacuation 54 Escapefordisabledpeople 55 Externalprotectiontoescapestairs 58 7. Accessandfacilitiesforfire-fighting 59 Keypoints 59 Background 60 Riskprofilesandfire-fightingprovisions 60 viii TheBS9999Handbook Contents Smokecontrolforfire-fightingshafts 66 Smokeventingfrombasementfloors 66 Smokeventingfromcarparks,loadingbaysandserviceroads 67 8. Designingthebuildingstructure 68 Keypoints 68 Background 68 Compartmentation 82 Openingswithinfire-resistingconstruction(compartmentationor escaperoutes) 83 Externalfirespreadbetweenneighbouringbuildings 84 9. Recommendationsforatria 90 Keypoints 90 Background 91 Escaperoutes 92 Smokeandheatcontrolsystems 97 10. Recommendationsfortheatres,cinemasandsimilarvenues 98 Keypoints 98 Background 99 Seatingandexitlayouts 99 Furnishings,fabricsanddecorativefeatures 100 Stageareas 101 11. Recommendationsforshoppingcomplexes 102 Keypoints 102 Background 103 Meansofescapeandmotivationtoescape 104 Smokecontrol 104 Fireprotection 104 Uncoveredshoppingcomplexes 105 Smallshoppingdevelopmentsorarcades 105 Coveringexistingstreets 105 TheBS9999Handbook ix Contents 12. Processplantandoutdoorstructures 106 Keypoints 106 Background 106 13. Workedexample–twostoreyretailunit 109 14.Workedexample–high-riseofficebuilding 114 15. Workedexample–mixed-riskprofilebuilding 119 Bibliography 128 x TheBS9999Handbook 1. General Principles TherecommendationsgivenintheBritishStandardaregeneral,andallfire protectionmeasures,procedures,etc.,needtotakeintoaccounttheparticular circumstancesoftheindividualbuildingorcomplexconcerned.Thesame recommendationsgenerallyapplytobothexistingandnewbuildings,but existingbuildings,especiallyhistoricbuildings,oftenposeproblemsthatare unlikelytoariseinnewbuildingsand,therefore,requirefurtherconsiderationby adoptingaflexibleapproachintheriskassessmentprocess. Althoughitisaprescriptiveguide,BS9999providesahigherlevelofflexibility thanmanyprescriptivestandards.Itsupportstheconceptofachievingthebest balancebetweenanadequateperformanceandreasonablevalue.Thishasbeen possiblebecausetheoriginalbasisoftherecommendationsgaverecognitionto manyoftheengineeringprinciplesembodiedinBS7974.Whererelevantand useful,abriefbackgroundisprovidedineachofthechapters. Theguidanceisstraightforwardtouseforroutineandtypicalbuildings,butthe inbuiltflexibilitywillalsosupportasustainablereuseofourbuiltenvironment. Thefollowingareasareanessentialcontribution: • Theidentificationofalternativeflexiblesolutionstosupportthepreservation andtheextendeduseofhistoricbuildings,balancingtherequirementsof modernconstructionstandardsandtheneedtobesensitivewithhistoric structuresandfinishes,isrequired. • Thelogicalapproachthatisembodiedinthecodeenablesarelativelysimple riskassessmenttoappraiseachangeofusebyaddressingthefundamentals thataffecttheoutcomes:thefireloadandtheoccupancycharacteristics. Thiswillincreasetheoverallabilityofthedesigncommunitytoidentify alternativesolutionsthataregoodvalue,sustainableandsafe. • Thedesignofanewbuildingtobeadaptableforreuseatsomefuturetime isanewchallenge,whichifsuccessfulwillsignificantlyenhancethelifeof ourbuildingstock.TheflexibilitycontainedwithinBS9999allowsdesigners toplanforalternativefutureuseswithouttheadditionofadisproportionate costpremium.Thesameflexibilityequallyallowsalternativeinterpretations whenappraisinganexistingbuildingforalternativeuses. TheBS9999Handbook 1
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