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BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR 1950 " ' " BRITANNICA BOOK THE YEAR OF 1950 ENCYCLOP/EDFA BRITANNICA, LTD. DEAN STREET, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W.I 102 PREFACE this volume ofthe Britannica Book ofthe Yatriht story ofthe WITH '40s is brought to its close. For the second decade in the lifetimes of many men and women the world, and Europe more than the other continents, is climbing back to peacetime economy after a holocaust. In this one respect the record for 1949 is almost an encouraging one. Many articles in the Book of the Year speak of industrial and business effort made and rewarded: indeed, if more and more production were the complete answer to 20th century difficulties man, in spite of some shortage of food, would have little to fear. But other articles in the Book ofthe Year tell ofthe less successful struggle to promote peace. Ideologically the world is divided into factions, clear cut as never before, and as yet there is no sign that the two sides are approaching a new and lasting understanding. Fortunately it is not the job ofthe Book ofthe Year to prophesy. Its onlyendeavouris to record happenings and, as faithfully as possible, the statements of those whose opinions and actions shape contemporary history. The Britannica Book of the Year 1950 contains a number of new entries. Included among them are COUNCIL OF EUROPE, NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY and MACEDONIAN PROBLEM. This year attention is especially drawn to these, as it is to the presentation of the long statistical sections at the close of the articles on France, Germany, Great Britain, the United States and the U.S.S.R. All national articles end with statistical summaries but these, for their outstanding importance, are exceptionally full. To the other new titles it is impossible to draw particular attention, unless exception is made for the charmingly written entry on COUNTRY LIFE. But all the 752 titles have the same purpose, accurately to report and interestingly to describe the events of 1949: it is the earnest hope of their 492 British, American and European authors that they in fact do so. JOHN ARMITAGE London Editor. COPYRIGHT Bfj ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, LTD, LONDON, 1950 PRINTED AND BOUND BY KNIOHT & FORSTER* LID. LEEDS EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS WALTER YUST, Editor-in-chief of Encyclopaedia Britannica JOHN ARMiTAGE, London Editor (Initials and names ofcontributors to the Britannica Book ofthe Year with the principalarticles written by them. The arrangement is alphabetical by initials.) A.AAtI.enLnPft.oEiraXmrayAtiNaotDnt,aEcRhLeodAndtLooEnt.XheAGNAruDeteRhkOorEUmobPfaAsLsGrLye;IeScD,ei'rsBe.cAtA.onra,tMoiGlnriiasenteekrVOePfnlfGteiruncerieeepcooe-f A.JAOA.fdARfariTc.eHrojUIRSmiplJiecrOoisSaiEls;PCHThheAemMiCcOhaeRlm,iIcnMad.luDstA.rs,ipeeMs.c,StcsL.to,df.IDn.SdIiu.hAsIctuoIrts.iihasPol.rriHneocaiflptaAhln(MienXd-piaRcraatyl) A.aBA.nLCd.BAEftReTr;Be.tc.CHANDLER. U.S. Baseball Commissioner.Baseball A.JAL.oRHnyTd.oHnU.R JAMES HEIGHWAY. Editor, WoArdlvde'rtsisPirnegss(inNpeawrst.) A.Blr. Scandinavian Literature lAitLeAraNtureL.EIGH BLAIR. Translator and writer on Scandinavian A.JAN.eLLiwF.RYoErDk.J. LIEBMANN. President, Schenley ReseSapirrcihtsI(nisntiptaurtte), A.CAD.oRCchtT.oHrsURHosCp.itCaHlRIMSedTiIcEa,l MCenDtre,ChWiaesfh,iDnegtpoanrX,t-mReDan.yCt.aonfdRRaaddiioollooggyy, A.JCAi.LtMyaAcNo.fJLoOnHdNonMaAnCdDROAencNgtAloirLcaDonf,CSotD.m.mDDu.u,nnisFto.anSn;.'AsC.-hmu-rRtcuhhre-aoWlfeEsDnteg.alnanAdou,fthettohcre. A.CAkR.THUR CROOK. Literarycritic, LondEonng.lishLiterature(inpart) ofLanfranc, HisLife, WorkandDestiny. Hildebrand;etc. A.DNAaeL.wLIYSoOrkN.DAAuNtZhoIrG.ofTMheemRbaecrquoeftsGpoarmtes\steatfcf.,TheNFoeowtb-aYlolrk(inTipmaerst,) A.JAA.sRPs.oTciHaUtiRonJaOnHdNEdPitAoLr,METhRe.RiSfelcermeatna,ry,RiNcahtmioonndal,SSmuarRlrilefly-e.boSrheooRtiifnlge A.DAA.gNLrisTc.uHltOuNraYl RDeAsVeaIrDchLECoEuSn,ciMl,.AUn,iPthoDf.InSseencitorPhSycsieinotliEofngityc,oOmfoGflricoeegaryt, A.KPArkLi.nBteErsR.TKIRK. TechnicalSecretary,BritishFederPartiintoinngof(iMnapsatretr) A.DtBAurrrLi.etFra,iRnM.EaDnchDeAstWeBr.ERC,ompMielemroTfexTte.xtIinlset.ManEudfiTtaeocxrttiuolrfeerTIenxYdtueisaltrerByMoa(oinnkupf;aaertctc-). A.LWACt.heoRHelmIlNmT.sieOaStcLcthheDeoeroslL'o,IfLTOrotNahnieEdnLoiRnnoHgy;AVaCilSocuKeArEscPLera,eLds,eaidnmedMyn.tCAoah.fnadiDDraCimnhrcaeaincintrogomr;f/aPtnJrhoieoinfDncBtatiahplnealDcelieEt,rde(BuScieacntdnaoplteraeivrrooto'n)-sf Ae.LORD ABERDARE. Chairman, National AssociRaatcikoents;ofTeBnonyiss lent Fund. AuthorofBalletomania; Diaghileff; etc. A.ECAU.l.USuShSb..sTa.IndNFCoEa.rnmaSedMraI.TraHAcu.ktethsoEdriatonofdrF,itrTesnhtneiSstJeoapusmrantatoleRuoarfcktcehhteasmA(pmweiirotChinhcEeao.mnfoBtMBherNeidotrieaaclipa)ny.,l A.LALG.aoNSsnD.tdRrofonni.^o-mLyAO;uUteIhtcoS.rSofIMyOinNt.agewiPsree;sidAentW,ineWiPnreimearn;dAWFioDnioecdsti(oSinonacpriaeyrttyo,)f A.GAAs.NsBo.SciCaOtionG.. ABuRthUoIrNIoEfRT,echJnrt.c oTfeMcehdniiccaatlionA,dveetrcDt.yiessirnugffsMa(innapgaerrt,) A.LAL..oWn.dLSo..n.W. SHILLADY. Chief MarketStEodciktsora,ndFiSnhaanrceisal(inTipmaens), A.GND.yeLem.stIou.uflrfss D&iviCsoiomnp,aOnryg,anIincc.C,heWmiilcmailnsgtDoenHp,oasrpDtiemtlaealnwsta,(rienE.pIa.rtd)u;PNounrtsidneg A.AtMi.UoDnD,s.RNeEwYYMo.rk,DANV.IYE.S. Librarian, InstiLtoutcealofGoPvubelrincmeAndtmi(niinsptarrat-) A. G. L. IVES, M.V.O., M.A. Secretary, King Edward's Hospital A.Mjd. Islam Fund for London. Author ofBritish Hospitals. ABDUL MAJID, M.A. Iman of the Mosque, Wokmg. Editor, AGNe MunitionsofWar(inpart) Islamic Review, Wokmg, Surrey. 'OA'r.dnGa.ncNeO,BDLeEp.artmReenatr oAfdmtihrealN,avUy.,SWNa.shiCnhgiteofn,ofD.tCh.e Bureau of A.AMuR.THUR MURRAY. President, National InstitDuatneceof(InSopcairatl) A.G.S. Insurance(inpart) Dancing.AuthorofHowtoBecomeaGoodDancer;ModernDancing; ANTONE G. SINGSEN. Assistant Director, Blue Cross Com- etc. mission, American Hospital Association. AJSf.O. InternationalMonetaryFund A HHa VenerealDiseases(inpart) A. N. OVERBY. Deputy Managing Director, International 'ARTHUR HERBERT HARKNESS. M.R.C.S L.R.C.P. Director Monetary Fund. A'HEUAnrdoLReldlTolgHySU,tRreLeoHtnECdloNinnRicYU,niSLtveLrOPseiYtteDyr.,'sOa.nBd.ES.t,. PMaulc.'.sTH.osDp.i,tFaoMlr.se,Ast.IrnystL(ieitncutptuaerreotr)f A.NSAOraaL.knFlaFRnrEadn,DciCsaNcloiE,fUorCnaMilEai.fYoErnRia.. PDriorfeecstsoorr,oPfriAnrttRHoisotmo,ryP,aPiunMbtilililncsgL(Ciionblrlpaeargnye),, A.iRAAHnau.LntMFgBhoderoEr.ersRs.tTorfy,HT.BUheneMtitvOiMenRrogsdEiaetHnrydEnoAGfHaDoOm.yxblfleoi;rBndrg.eidd(igiAtneouprtEa,hdritoT)trho;eroC,foOnTfEtfhnriegcaiicnNateleeBwrRriuinldYgegosferok(roifnTfiopCrmaaererststd) A.PaAAteinuL.odtnBhalEToirrRsamnTo;sfaPectETtcihE.oeLn,sCoMon.fgArt.eh,geaLtCiiotton.ngDar.legLaTatwitooenEaHdluintHdoirrs,etCdoCor;oningcIgranrleeegvgSaioattctiaiiboelontenayal,lCCoLMhnoougnnrrdtceohhgnlea.ys- Games. A.SAJo.cAJia.l SAeLcuTriMtEyYAEdRmi.nistrCaotmimoins,siWoansehri,ngtFoend,eraDl.C.SecuSorciitaylASegceunrciyt,y AGeRneTrHalU,RTheRAIsCsoHciAaRtiDonKofNBOrWitLisEhSC,ChhaamOmb.bBe.erErs.s,ooffFC.CoCom.Imm.emSre.crec,eSeL(coirnnetpdaaorrnyt.-) CONTRIBUTORS Vlll A.STS..IADR..,AMR.IT.HC.UE.R, SM.TIA.EN.EL.E,YB.SAcN.G(WEIngN.),. K.CBh.aETi.er,lmeagnDr,.aSphCOya.b,(lienMpaarCnt.d,) C.CCR.eHNaA.dVeR.rLEinSPhCyYsiRoIloLgyNiOnRtRheOUYnivVeArsSiSt,y oMfSLco.,ndPohn.Da.t,SMt.PBThyh,soimCoahls.o'Bg.sy Wireless,Ltd., London. Hospital Medical School, London. Part author of Synopsis of A.Sdn. ShopsandDepartmentStores Physiology(4thed.). AofRMTerHchUaRndiSsEinLgD,OLNo,ndoBn..Com. Consulting Editor, Store, Magazine C.CC.HWAs.RLES COWLEY WORTERS, F.I.C.CSo.nsuSemcerretCarreyd,itTh(ienpHairrte) A.SABtanLn.EkXfAorNRDecEoRnstSruTcEtiVoEnNaSndONDEexvcehlSaoenpngmieeonrCto.nEtcrAoonulotmhaionsdrt,oEfxcIThnhtaeenrgCneoatmRiamotnoeansl PCProuourtncechciatlsieoonTfraatndhdeeAIPnsrssotoimctoiutattieiooonnfoaCfnrdeTdrioatfdteMh,aenLIatngdt.ee,rmneaLntotino,dnaoLlno;AnsdsoonMc.eiamtbieonrfoorf A.TIAN.neRtCe1wTr.eHZsteUailRnanITdnRteGEronVvaetOriRonnmaeClnAtEM,cPoLnBooEnmdLiocLn,.OrMga.nAi.zNatePiuwobnlZiecalRaenlda,tiDoonmsinOfifoincero,f C.CCIMnyaHs.tnAi;tRuteLtec,E.SOttCaLwaA,Y.OntaDriiroe.ctoAr,uthCoarnadofianYouRnegseaCVraocnyhaadgieauanrnd;LiEMdtuiestroakrtriuaartle A.TAa.nLdMEeL.XibAraNrDiaEn,RInTstAitYutLeOofRHisMtIorLiNcaEl,ReMseaAr.c,h,F.URn.iHHvieisrststoirtSiycaolfSRLeeocsrneedatorancr.hy C.CCDh.HeHAmui.RstLrEy,SNoDr.thHweUsRteDr,n USncivDe.r,sitPyh,.DE.vanstMoonr,riIslolinnoisP.rofCehsesmoirstroyf A.CWAosUm.pDiRleErYofWIWTriHtEinRgSs,onB.BAr.itisEhdiHtiosrt,orVyog(Fuianes,hpirLooongnraedsnosdn)..Dress(inpart) C.ECS.tAH.A.JToR.hLn'Es,SNEe.wfAo.unJdElFaFndE;RYC,orrMe.sBpoEnld.enNteE,dwifTtoohuren,dTlEiavmneednsi,anngLdoTnLedalobenrg.ardamo,r B.DLBroE.nRdoNnA,RDJoinDtENEdViItoRr,, ABr.tA.NewArstacnrditiRce,vTireiwb.unAeuaAtnrhdtorSDaaolifelsyD(rHianewrpiaanlrgdts,} C.ECN.aALt.iR-oLQn.alE.LutLhUeNrDan-QCUouInScTil,. BE.dDi.tor,ANssaitsitoannatlLEuxtehceurtainv.e LDuitrheecrtaonrs, B.FoNByf.U.YW.RilNliHaAmMHogFarItNhN;EeYt.c. EditMoarc,hiAnmeerryicaannd MMaacchhiinniestT,ooNlesw(inYpoarrkt,) C.EiCDs.etH,Rp.AaDRritvLmiEesinSotnEooDffGAIAgnrRfiocrRumlAattuNriDeo,nALWaLans,dhiAEn.dgBu.tc,oantM,ionAD,.CFI.onrfeoFsrAotmruaetStsheitrorovrynic(eSoi,pnfecpUiaO.aruSltr.-) Forests;etc. B.HCB.oEPl.NoraHd.o.PARKER. President, Colorado SchoolofGeMoilnoesg,y(Gionlpdaernt,) C.KC.HR.ASR.LESELYROSESHERRINGTON,M.A. SRecarieltwaaryys,R(Ianiplawraty} Research Service, British Railways. Author of Economics of Rail B.JJBo.RuWr.YnaAl,NLoJnAdRoDn.INE WOOD, F.D.S.R.CS. Editor, BritisDhenDteinsttaryl C.FCT.rYaDRnns.IpLortFiRnAGCrlNeoKatthiBnDrgiUtINanidNnu;.stertyc.I(nindupsatrrti)a;lIrCoonrraensdpoStnedeelnt(i,npOabrste)r;veetrc,. BB..LLtO(BBB..BfhoERrfBeaii.RYtrcUiedTAnsrhiHNotfAfEeoldrLTeArmLSKaeTcIidnhLHnetl),IgAe.dAsMLwoN.iomgn;-BdHoPRMonalAes.sCmttbEePmeYr,re,sIiComdofOmenin.tTtgBri,romaElTtb.,iieComronbBmeAamArdn.ivdTsirssEaomiWirdogyeonTrmiaCFemftoeonbidmre'oemrnsriGat((etiitArinnfeomppfenaaaarrinottrtyo)s)f CC..FGCSNLCU.e.ao.EHScFtnSztCeAidi..IoooRnDLnnLae,.lNpEGatNtS.CEaiotoOominFfomR.anilGCatSolItECmnemceIHF,oenWRmrcAeocIEnmeRK(te,iTEenr,ZpDWnaia,arvtCstii.h)sotB;iin.noaEWAngl.e,t,,aCoClOMhnhMtf.,afahAmAim.cbDab,,eneedrCoBr.sIfP.nShoocBc.ffouDCsm.CieoonD,miemmrDsCmeeihsescirtrteEcrofccier,ebo,.un(ItioBinnmrocipintao,cirmssote,h)f B.POCIh.LiAefVGEuidSeT.. CALuAthIoRr,oLfAOpDeYninBgADDooErNwayPsO.WELGLir,lGGu.iBd.eEs.(inWoparrltd) C.CNGa.LtMuAyrR.alENHaCtEchiGnEgOaRndGEReaMriAnYg;.BaEndtitaomrs,fPoorulEtgrgys.World. AutPhoourltroyf B.RPBR.raEPonRf.geTosoIsnoE.roRfEHGisItoNrAy,LDUnivPeErsAiRtyN,ofRMa.nAgo,onF..RATuhHatiishtloarSn.dof(SHiFiasomtr)om;reyretlocy.f C.CSHe..rBvdHi.c.e,BIChNiFefORoDf,PatMh.oDl.ogyMSeedrviiccael, UDi.rSectoMra,riUn.eS.HoPsupbiltiaclL,eHpeBraalolttsihy- more, Maryland. Br.NBCSoe.RnwtUroClYE.orkS.MITAHut.horSeocfretPaorlyi,ceISnsytsitteCumtresimoiefn(itPnhuebpalriUtc.)S.;A;PdomlRiiuncriesatl(rianCtpriaiormnte,) C.HSCBr.hIiBaRtrrit.sehCrHeMdiAnRiSsuLtrrEvyeSyoofrHTaErnaRdnBsTpEoorRwtTn, p1Bl92aR8nE-n3Se5rS.;EYPr,inciCpa.lBT,ecRChno.iaBcdaEsl.,(OinffDpi.acSrectr.,) BB..SBWBPka.EE.sCtNR.PTSrReHsAUidPMenAtWC,IKAL,mLaBtI.eASuM,rMCSwUAiM.mMmDIiinNregSct.Aosrs,oHcSoionaa.triioPnnug.blSiSFocciwoituiGeynmltdimSydeeiiocrnnfrggeaAtn((maiidernnryHppiaaoacrrnnattd..)) CCh..HCMCF.aHH.BcAAhui.RRnLLerEEySS,LFHoOnEXdN,oRnYM.AB.URSDoEMmaRec,thiimnMeerByD.iaErned,ctMoBra.CAca.homfibnrTeiArcdaTtioginoeinlngsUgn(iiEvnidenirptsaotirrhtt,ey) Editor, SwimmingTimes, Croydon,Surrey. University of Cambridge. Author of Educational Psychology; etc. C.ACN..HBYAn..RLES A. BRESKIN. Publisher, ModPelranstiPlcasstIincdsu,stNreyw(inYpoarrkt,) Ch.CCFhlHr.oAnRicLleE,SLoFndOoTnH.ERAGuItLhoLr of MTohteorSitnogry CMooofrtrGoerrsapRnoadncdiePnnrgtix,(inMNopeatrwotsr) C.AoCo.ffLBtrIth.hFeeFHCOioRgmhDmoCAonmwMmeAiaslNstiDhoUnNeSartiBoofUnaARluMstELriSablTriaEaryRi,n,CLaBon.nbdAeAorunrs.atL,riabLlAriiuaaasrintisraLoaninl,tieaOrO.fafftfiuicrceeer C.HRCL.a.ocGni.dGnTogO.n..RDON TETHFR. BDaenpkuitnyg(CIintpyartE)d;itBoar,nkFionfaEnncigallandT;imeetsc.. C.ACtH.itHJosn.AtoRattrLetEhdSee-S^AoerNxbDpoaRnnnfsei:,onJPaUenLtsIdEeNAl.uatchPoorlroofnoiesfsasHtoiirsotnooffirrtaehned$eahiiFVssr'eteAsonfrcn(yhvqooulUfe.ncdi1ouo,lnoN1;n9oi4erz8tda)c;-.. C.HHPorU.ogGrHammCeH,RBIriStTisOhPBHrEoaRdcaHsOtiLnMgEC,orpBorAa.tioCnh,ieLfonAdssoinstAarnatb,iaT;hietrcd. C.CEAd.EiMCtooI.rL, AMLeaFtRETrDadMerOs'RRJoIuSrnOaNl,.LAodnvdeornt.isingManagerMaenadtAs(isnisptaarnt)t C.LSoF.feIBlR.LloownC,dYoJRne.IsuLsACuLotlOhleoDgreO,oWfOIxTCfhoerdBF.aUcRtPTorr,osfeoMsfs.oAtrh.e,ofMiDP.nsSdyc;cP.hs,eoytlccohD.g.oLyli,otgtUy.n,i(ivnLerLpsa.irDtt.y) C.ACL.oASnLdd.VonI.N ADAMS SHEPARLeDa.therEd(iintopra,rt)S;hoSehoaenIdndLuesattrhyer(inNpeawrst,) C.LC..Bt.LEVERICH BRETT, B.A. Editor, NationalRoAwssioncgia(tIinopnarot)f Amateur Oarsmen Rowing News. C.ACS..pTiAc.eTTrHaAdYeEARs.sociFaotrimone.rPresidentandFormerDirector,AmeSrpiiccaens C.LC.HdAeBR.LES-LOUIS de BEAUMONT, M.A. MemFbernecindg^H(ionnpnaerutr) C.BC.HE.ARLES BERTRAM EDWARDS. Secretary, Grand NAartcihoenrayl dFeenlcaiFnegdeArsastoicioantiIonnt,ernLaotnidonoanl.ed'AEustchroimrc.ofHMoond.erSencrBertiatriys,hAFmeanctienugr. C.BCAtrH.cAheRrLyESSociBetAyRaTnLdEoTfTt.he RGooylaflETdoixtooprh,ilCihtiecSaogcoieTtryi,bGuGnroee,laftC(hBiirnicptaaagriotn,.) C.tLCu.ArVeR.MaR.nOdLoLftLh.eVHisMtEorEyKSof,ArPth,.DY.aleAssUonicvieartseitPyrA,orfcNehseistwoercHtouafrveeAnr(i,cnhiCptaoernct--) Illinois. Secretary, GolfWriters' Association ofAmerica. necticut. President, Society ofArchitectural Historians. C.BCuA.RLYLE BURROWS, B.A. Art Editor, NeScwulpYtourrek(iHnepraarlt)d C.CMcOGN.STANTINE EDWARD McGUIRE. EcoCnuobmai;cHaAidtiv;iseetrc.. Tribune,NewYork, N.Y. Author ofItaly's InternationalEconomicPosition; etc. CONTRIBUTORS IX C.CM..KyM.EAVE KENNY, M.D., F.RC.OGG.ynaeUcnoilvoegrysiatnydROebastdeetrricisn D.RD.AGV.ID ROBERT GENT. Rugbv Correspondent,FooStubnadllay(inTipmaerst,) Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Medical School, Univer- London sityofLondon. D.R.Gi. France C.CMnU.THBERT MAUGHAN. Shipbuilding(inpart);etc. DARSIE RUTHERFORD GILLIE Legion of Honour. Paris Shipping Correspondent, The Times, Correspondent, Ma^thester Guardian LMoarnidnoen;.etcA.uthor of Commodity Market Terms; Our Mercantile D.SDtA.NIEL STARCH. O*n-ultant in Business RAdevseeratricshi.ng(Finorpamretr) C.CM.APRn.L M. PETERSON, M.D. SecretaryI,nduCsoturnicalilHeoanlthIn(diunsptariratl) oLfecWtiusrecronsainnd PArouftehsosrorofatPriHnacrivpalersdofUnAidvveerrstiitsyinga,ndetct.he University C.HCMe.OaRlN.tSh,TAAmNeCriEcanM.MedRicIaTlTAEssNoHciOaUtiSoEn. (Mrs. GPiarullGuRiidtetsen(ihnoupsaret)) DaVD.nOdUFGeLllAoSw oVfECAoLrEp,u^C.CBhriEst,iM(_oAl.legReegistrarofOOxxffoorrddUUnniivveerrssiittyy National Director, Girl Scouts of the United States of America. D.W.H. SocialistMovement C.CM.HWAIR.LES MORROW WILSON. Economist, Caribbean LAifbfeariiras., nDaEtNioInSal WDeIpNaSrtImOenNt HoiEAthLeFBYr,itisMhBLaEb,ourMPAa.rty.Secretary, Inter- WMeedsitciAnfer.icaDnirAefcTtdiorrs,.LiDbicrreicatnor,insAtmieturtiec.anAuFtohuondratoifoOnilfoArcTrroospsictahle D.WD.OKU.-GJLAS WILLIAM BKreLaNdTa-nJdONBaEkSe,ryPPrho.dDu,cts;BFSlcourF(.inR.pIa.rCt.) World, Liberia; etc. Analytical and Consulting Chemist. Author of The Pr,actice and C.RCiPCn.oeLnAnIsCn.ushFlyaFtlravOgnaeRtn,iDoafARSm.tMeaartrAiercDiCaaAonglMelSeIgnC,esot,uinMtSsutAteaelt,leoifnCPgohlFlfaDeomgriel,tyhPPereRoneSfMnlceasahsrytosrilooovirlnaasngooieffaaPEnAsdduyRutcecDhhgaiooitvrloioonoragncol,yef E.ASIL.ciLGibesrIna.7cneaAnBsohEjiTfBH)r,eaAdU.tnritvGaekRrisOnigVt,yFSMoo,fdWeBarsnAh.iCnegrAtesoasnli,stCaSChenheatimtlitdsPlrtere,ronyf'e.WssassBohori,onkgsStco(hinon.oplarot)f C.LTCNo.aAoDvLk.aiVlnIgONpAerhTaetaidDonUtsoR(MGAaiIrr)rN,iaDgeeVp.iacretmAednmtiAroiafrl,tFhoerUcNeSasvNoyf,tWhaDeseWhpoiurntglytdoCdnh,niepDfarCotf) E SL\Apf.D>aP'nGsi/sA/hoR,, UAnAiLHvieLsrItsoiSrtOyyNnoffPtLhEievEeRRrSopom,oaln.tMi.cAAu,MtohvoHeromnoefnLtSLtuinDdSi.pSeapsnaiionsPf.hrtohfLeeistSseporarantiusorhef C.CWN.eASwR.LYorWk. STOCKS, BS. Edi'or EmeritMuost,orBuTsranTsrpaonrstpor(itnatpiaornt,) E.AACEiuDrStdWh.LoIeraNgouCfeOToLhfeSthTReOBANr.iFtS.isHhTEoEP-mAdHpvaiiEyar,RteiD,oG,nrA,eiBarCtiACvioFllr,irB(geihsntLpispotatnr.dte)S;netcG,rleiStduainrndygaGy(einnTeiprmaaerlst,.) D.AD.OC.ROTHY A. CANNLLL. Writer and Editor,WLoomnedno'nsActivities E.CEuLl.Y CULBERTSON. Editor, The BridCgoentrWaocrtldB,riNdgeew(inYpoarrkt.) DD..AADPDr..OEiSGnnRN.c.RiRAp.IaLlC,DKLoAAnDdGoO.nLRCPoEHuIUnDtS,yBuSBCiIolSudNcinGnc(gTiblOnagnNBd,)n,BxCeotBArnol.AsintMnr;SuIccGPhCteroireooLsmnlsa,IonCnfAyodunMB(stuitrIinrolypldaSi(rtniOtrngf)uf;cpitacerettLrc),. E.EAStM.ouIBtRsCHh.o,ErMHDooWfnTrACeLoRaLnstDurDrayc,,EtTHLBooTrnniIddNoDg.neGL.iDCtEto.mN,pElHeotBen,RDIC.DuClG.bELe.Srt,soPneG'r.smCaHnoBe.y,lnCeitv;GiSleeCtcSc.re.Vertv.iaOcrey, D.BCeFBDt.orcASinR..dtVgrSIeosDlA,CTCBoihvmAeimlRBiuENsinslAgidiReonrneD?erfooSfrTtAhEGueetIhrBNormMiradAnogyeNf..,APArAauc.tthMioc,raloTCfrEeaB,teiBhsreeSincodngDeUSsnu,cs(opivPneenhprsa.eirDdot;n), EE..EFoEEH..fiDDRsHt.kAGWo.mrAAeyRr,RiDcSEtaanFUnOGfHoWEirsLdNtEEoUrSnyiHRvOeAarnBYsdIiLtNyODS,iCUrOnSeKNitct.,atenodfrEAodSriotdMtfa,otret,C,shaeLloYiLfaf.IcoAnhDrmst.nteiiirnatiYgu.cBtaaeWcy,ohrrotnTlfiehdn,egAPmLr((eooiinnfrnedippsaaocsrrnaott.nr)) D.CAD.sIhsINo.cIJi.SatiCoLn,IFLoFnOdRonD.HENRIK JONES, FLA. LLiibbrraarriiaens,(Linibpraarrty) E.GEE.dSiAtTnoE.r,LLBEooGt aAndNDShEoReSROecNord(eMrr,s.NAerwthYuorrDk.,SANhn.odYee.rIsnodnu)stryAs(sinocpiaartte) D.DoD.fOCWR.oIrSkDwAiVthIEYSouCnHgILPeCoOplTe,, FIslLi.nAgtonPrPiunbcClihipicalldLriAebsnrs'aisrsitBeaosn,otkLsino(niCdnhopanarrgte) E.GEt.iRoCnIs.CofGGEreOaRtGBrEitaCiOnGGINS. Secretary, NationIacleSSkkaattiinnggA(sinsopcairat-) D.LODDehzAcitVou.IreDArutiDnhIoGEreTnoZefr.aAltoSSmcciiiecenncEcene,eWrEegdysittoienrr,nthRSeecsCreoirmpvpiesAn-tgUHonomiEvwireaacrr,sEdientteycN,r.cgCwylse(pvianeplpeaanirdts,) E.IENMIoe.DnCwoeW.yAY.oRrDk THimesC,OLNLeIwNSY,orkB,LiNt.t.Y.MeAmubtheorr,oEfdiItnofrliaatlGioonBlodaanr(iddn,pYaTorhuter) D.FDC.hAKro.VnIicDle,FLRoAnNdConI.S KESSLER, BA. Managing DnectoIrs,raeJle;weitsch. E.HEPdaDk.iWsItaNn aHnAdWBAuRrDma.AssEodciitaotri,on/PABu.thBourlleotfin;A SPCeiacclrtceuutrtaetrayo;,fCIIennyddliioaan,; D.FD.OKyN.OVAN FRANK KELLEY. Angling Europeans in the Indian Legislature; etc D.GD.ABV.ID GRAHAM BURNS, BA. MemberofthestSaufTg,arCo(imnmpoanrt-) E.HZEionDo.lWogAicRaDl SHoIciNeDtyLEo,fLMonAdo,nS.cDAu,tPhho.rD.o,fFF.lRi.eSs.anScdieDnitsiefiacseD;ZiroBeolclotooogdry,- wealth EconomicCommittee, London. suckingHies,etc. D.'GD.OWoU.GLAS G. WOOLF. Former EditorTienxtCihlieefI,ndTuesxttriyle(iWnopralrdt,) E.HH.OKgW.ARD HERBERT KEELING, M.C., M.A. NatMieomnablerTrusotf Textile Consultant and Publisher, East Pasadena Herald, Pasadena, Parliament, Chairman, Publicity Committee, National Trust, California. England and Wales D.'HDnE.'REK HUDSON, MA. LiteNrearwyspEadpietrors,anSdpeMctaagtao/rineAsu(tihnoprarto)f E.HE.DKrW.ARD HENRY KRAUS. Dean Emeritus of theMCionlelreagleogoyf n'jpTSacDhCpiEeoernmNsta'Yi,sfSiectBcOI.afrRfniVceIesrN,EoGfoCv"eOTrhOneMmBeTnEitRme,Cshe"m;Bi.sSBtCrs,i'tiDsAheRp.aJIor.utrCmne,anlitsP,StphsiLrDoiatnnsddo(innsN.eepnawirsot-r) E.IgLEM.i.riFta.cephIr.ihagtyuaFrnAea.,RndSRcIieMNniGcneeTrOaanNldo.gtyh,eFAUornrtismveearrnsdiStePycrroefotefasrsyoM,ricEMhmHaieosgrrsatianitc,cuhusulsAtoeufntrnteCrs(yisAnHtroapbrlaoltrroit,--) j)*jDfOtNALD J HART, MA. AssociateWPargofeesssaonrdoHfouErcso(nionmpiacrst,) cAuultthuroarlofSoTchieetyG;ardEednietro'rs,AlHmoratniaccu,ltuertec., Boston, Massachusetts. D'CMSaIerRroDllAVCoIllDegMe,ILWNaEuk,esK.hCa.,B.W,isMcoAn.sinPermanentUndcr-SecrSectoatrlyanodf E.IEA.PrR.mNyESinTtIh.ePUUniGteMdIRSEta.tes.National CommaSnadlveartioonfAtrhemySa(linvaptairotn) StateforScotland. E.I.U. VitalStatistics j)'MDOfNALD MARK TAILBYV,egBe.taAbleEcOoinlsomaincdAAsnsiimsatlantF,atCso(imnmpoarnt-) LEtCdO,NLOonMdIoSn.T INTELLIGENCE UNIT, Economist Newspaper nwNea*lth Economic Committee, LonSdoocine.ties,LearnedandProfessional E.JE.DC.WINJ CAMERON. Director,ResearcChanLnaibnograItnodruisetsr,yN(aitnipoanratl) DAVID NICOLL LOWE, OBE., M.A , BSc. Secretary, British Canners Association, U.S.A. Association for the Advancement ofScience. ,E.J.L. Denmark; Norway; etc. nLVnADY DOROTHY NICHOLSON, M.A, MB.E. AuthLoorndoonf EAnTtHhrEoLpoJloOgHy,NLUn1iNveDrsGiRtyENo,f CMa.mAb.r,iPdhg.eD.. LEedcittuorrero,fDeTpheartStmuednytooff TheLondoner;etc. Society; Methods and Problems. CONTRIBUTORS E.KEnW.ART KEMPSON Cards Editor, StarC,onLtornacdtonB.ridgAeut(ihnoprarto)f F.JF.RK.ANCIS J. KOVALCIK. AssisEtlaencttriEcdailtoIrn,dusEtlreicetsri(cianlpaWrotr)l;d.etc. E.LFB.rDSi.dWgIeNQuiIz.. SIBERT. Brigadier General, USAArn.liesCoofmtmhaenWdoirnlgd F.JPF.lOasnJ.ninOgSABssOoRciNa.tion,CGhraeiartmaBrnitaToifon.wEnAxeuactnuhdtoiCrvoeou,fntGTrroyeewPnnl-aBneanlntidnCgitC(iioenus;pnatertrtcy). E.GECMeh.DneCem.WriaAsltRryoDfDeMthpOeaiRtUTmneIintMte,dERRSotatCthReasOmsWAtrTemHdyEERxFp,oerrcDiemseSncitn.alFFtehSrRettiaIlAtiniCzto.einrl,sleHH(sieanrappdaernot-)f F.JmFU.naSRienvE.eDrosfRitItyhC,eKDBeoJsptaoSrnTt,mAeRMnEats,soafMchNuuDst.ertittPsir.oonf,esSscohrooolfFooNfoudtMreRidetisiceoiannreca,hndH(ianCrhpvaaairrrtd-) K.dEMe.MnE,E.HReYrtfoMrdsEhiLrLeINGSON. ManAaigrepro,rtsAiarndTrFalynisnpgorFtielAdssso(ciniaptairotn) F.LAF.rRCm.EyDEInRteIrCnaKtioLnaClOHUcaTdTqSua.iteArsss,istLaonntdoLint.erSaAarulytvaShteoicrorneotfAa'nrlyrh,teySaT(liinvmaeptlaierostn)s ofAmerica, Los Angeles, California. Prophets;etc E.GEMlgDahs.WsATRecDhniMcaElIGSeHr,vicMes,BLLtd,,MLoSncd,onP..I LA , F.SGClfassD(iirnecptaorit,) F.MoFf.RVAG.eTNo.ClIogSy,M.CoVlAorNadToUSYcLhoolProoffesMsionreas,ndGHoeladedno,lGCetohoellooDrgeaypdao(i.rntpmaerntt) E.NAEF.t.RToGI.miCScs,,1FMCERheSGmHi.AcSaNl, MITndIIuRnsstAtr.TiPeSest,O.OL,oEdnidtPoohrnD,.P,AauintDthoIMraCno,ufPfaPaiecBntttruSsocralen,e,duPmAVe.GatRerr.onoSliloseMguhyme.,s, F.NFtR.ioRoIynIaA.alNnBdKotEaNvneOircyRdGMaayrAdUNesnessH,;OKeWetcEw.,S,SurDreyS.c.AuPtrhioncripoaflNuStcise,nttihfeiicrPOrffoNidcuuetcrs-, E.EOC.oDGmG.mAonRweOaTltThOEGcOonToHmSiCcHC,omBmiStctee(,FcoLnon).donMemberCoocfoat;heCosftaffefe, F.PCF.oLRn.sALu.NltKantPPAhyTsRicIiCanK,PuLtEnEeyHLoAspNiDtaElR,,LonOdoBn;E.,AssMistDa.n,tPPnhFeyusRoiicoCin.aiPna., E.P.Jo. Diabetes Brompton Hospital and Royal Free Hospital, London. EBH.aakrPevraJrOdCSliLUnIniicN,v,erNMseitwDy.,MESencdg.ilDcaanldPrSDocfeheaoscosolo,nresEMmseedrHiioctsaupJsitoaDfli,rCelciBtnooisrct,aolnG,MeeodMriagcseisnaeF-,. F.SFF.RBR.ESDELRIACKViceS-APrMesUidEeLnt,BROoAySa,l SMocAie,tyolfioLnitLeLiaLtiDutre,eraaHrnyodnR.eEDsn.egLaliritcs,hh E.cREh.uUBskGe.tEtsN.E R. BInLtAerCnKat.ionaPlreBsaindeknfto,rIRnetceornnsattriuocntailonBaanndkDefovrelRoepcmoenn-t SAUshnsiaovkecerissapitetiayornDe;raaPnmrdeasihiidnsentPthr,eedTEeulcdieozsrasboAertgsh;eanChLriitsetroaprhyerSoMcaiertlyo.we'AuAthSotrudyo;f E.SsEL.taBDrrwuW.cntIi'NolnenanSnidsBADsAesvKoecEliRoatp,imoennA.,tB.. Executive SecreLtaarwyn, lUenninitsed(inStpaartte)s F.SFBP.ilRRoy.lEmooDgiuEctaRhlILCAasKbsoorcSaiTtaotRriAyo,nTToDEfevNotnhRsehUiSUrnSei.EtLeLd,KiFn.gRdSo.m,SecDMriearteracirtnyo,erBMoiaforliotngheye E.SEe.DMOND S. SEGBoRoAkVPEublisEhdiintgor(,///Bopaorkts)e;lleLri,terLaornydoPrni./es(inpart) F.SpFto.ElLogIiCcIalAISnsTtiAtuLteL,MLAoNn,donM,AAssiAsstsainsttaSnetcrSeetcarrAeyt,natrFhyor,lokpRooLlyooagrlye(ASinonctipheartroyt-,) E.S.J. JuvenileEmployment(inpart) London. oEYfoLuLItaZhbAoFuBmrE,pTlWoHaysmSh.einnJtgO,tHoBnNu,SreODaNuC..ofCLhiaebfo,urDiSvtiasnidoanrdols,ChUilSd. LDaebpoarutrmaenndt F.TFHsi.RstEoDriEcaRlILCibKrarBy., STwOaLrLthEmSo,reFACroiMlel.ned,gse,,PRheS.lwDia.gritohusmLoSirobecr,iaertiPyaenno,nfsy(Flinrviapenanirdats.) E.TE.RBI.C TEMPLE BELL Professor of Mathematics,MatChaelimfaotrincisa F.VF.RWE.DERICK VICTOR WESoLaLpS,,PerFf.uCm.eSryaFndRCHosiSn.eticEsd(iitnorparot)f Institute ofTechnology, Pasadena, California. Author of Men of Soap, Perfumery and Cosmetics, London,, Chairman, Society of Mathematics, The Development of Mathematics; etc. Cosmetic Chemists (UK Section) E.WEM..DGA.WIAERDE HeWaIdLoLfIRAuMral ElGeOctLriDfEIilceNactGtir,oincaalnIMdndWuSsictn.rdTi-eescpho(/w/,/eprManD)eL;pEaerEttc.-., F.WFU..RSrW...DeRpEarItCmHeEntLDoEfRCFoLmmRe,rcAe,B,WasDhiScn.gtoCnh,ieMDfe,.tCeW.oeraotlhoegry(Biunrpeaarut,) mMeenats,urEelemcetnrticsalanRdesMeeaarschurAisnsgocIinasttirounm,enLtso'n,doetnc.. AuthorofElectrical F.WF.RTEa.DERICK WILLIAM TATTERSALL, FRSCSot,tonF(inRpFi!rtS). E.WEATfihLf.eaIirZRsoA.mBeE-ABTueHtrhloiWnrIASoMfKSEC>zMeAchNsNa,ndMGeArm,anM.sL,itUtndecWlrairteedr oWanIrt;aFloyrI;teaeiltgycn., F.CDFWeo.RstWAit-goNSnnC.erIT;SraVdiesiWtEIixnpLgeLrIItnAsatMnrudctSotWratFiasNttiTctihWaenO.TRwTicHke-nShHaIImnEtLeSrDciSohro,oDlecoNorf.aRtA.irDot.,n E.WEUsnDi.vWerAsiRtyDMWeEdIicSaSl,SMchoDol, PPrhoifleasdesloprhioaf,CPleiPnnisncsyaycllhvoMasenodimiaac.tiinceC,oM-eTadeuimtcphilonere G.AGM.iAdRdoRl.eAs.exR.OUSH. ForMmienerrFadlitaonrd,MMeitnaelraPlrIondduucs-ttiroyn,aUndSPAr.iceAsu;thetocr, ofPsychosomatic Medicine. ofStrategicMineralSupplies. E.aEWn.RdWNeL.HoSlTidWayAsLBToEarRd;WIMMeBmLbEe,rCo.fBTEh.eMHeomteblesrEoxfeTcoBuurtirtiiivsstehIT(nBodruuirstitisrstyh G.ACG.aSOniRa.dDaON A. S1SCO, DD Secretary,UTnhietedUnCihtuerdchCohfuCracnhadoaf TnratainosnpaolrttraCvoemlmmiosnstiholny).; Chairman of Editorial Board, Go, inter- G.BG.FEnO.RGE B. EUSTERMAN, M D SeniorConsuAlltiamnetntianrMyeSdyisctienme F.AF.RSwE.DERICK A. SWEET, M.A. AssoAcritatEexhiCbuirtaitoonsr(oinfpParati)nteitncg. o(RfetMierdeidc)i,neM,ayMoayColinFiocu,ndRaotcihoenst,erU,nivMeirnsnietsyotoaf,MiEnmneersiottusa GPrroafdeusastoer and Sculpture, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. School, Minneapolis, Minnesota. F.BF.RC.ANK B. COOKSON. ChairmanoftheTheory DeMpuasritcme(inntpaarntd) G.DG.EHO.CR.GEDOUGLASHOWARCoD-opCeOraLtEi,veMM.oAv.emCehnicthe(ilnepParrot)f;esestocr. Assistant Professor ofTheory and Composition, School of Music, ofSocial and Political Theory, Oxford University Author of The Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Managing Editor, Intelligent Man's Guide to the Post-war World; etc. F.CEF.dIRuIcE.aDtiEoRnaIlCMKimCeMHaIgCazKiSnOeN., F.C.IS GeneralRoSteacrryetIanrtye,rnRatoitoanrayl G.DGM.iEnHiO.sLRt.rGyEofDCiAvVilIADviaHtiOonU,GLHondLoInNTAiOrNp.ort.FAoirrmpeorrtsP(rienssparOtf)f;iceetrc,. International in Great Britain and Ireland. F.CF.RWA.NCIS CARTER WOOD, M.D. Emeritus Director, CCaanncceerr Gc.GABsEus.oOcRiaGtiEonBUGBEE. Executive Director, AmHeorsipcitaanlsH(oisnppiatratl) SRte.seLaurkce'hs,.CHoolsupimtbaila, UNneivwerYsoitryk,.NeAuwtYhoorrk.ofCColninsiuclatlinDgiaPgantohsoilso,giesttc,. G.EG.EL.ORGE E. LIEBERMAENar,,NMosDe.andAsTshorcoiaatt,eDiinseOatsoelsaroyfn(gionipoagryt,) F.E.Lk. Gems University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Medicine, Phila- FRANCIS ERNEST LEAK, F.G A. Manager, John Bennett, delphia, Pennsylvania. Jteowrye,llBerri;stSoel.niorPartnerofWestofEngland Gemmological Labora- G.FG.ER.ODR,GE EDWARD RAVEN DEACON, DSc., F.ORc.Se.anoDgerpaupthyy F.CFeR.ANK GEORGE, MA. AEsxspilsotraanttioEndiatnodr,DiRsocyoavleryG;eoGgeroagprhaipchayl CBrhiiteafin.Scientific Officer, Royal Naval Scientific Service, Great F.HSFIo.cRiAetNy,KLonHdEoPnP.ENSTALL, A.C.A. Secretary, BWroioti!sh(inWpoarotl)* G.OHGfbEf.iNceEofHOthLeCCOhiMeBf.ofEDnegpiCunateneyarlsCs,hiaDefne,dpaTIernctlhmanneidnctWalaotfIentrfhwoearAymrastm(iyio,nnpWaDaritsv)ih;siineotgnc-,. Federation ton, D.C

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Britannica Book of the Year 1950 PDF

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BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR 1950 " ' " BRITANNICA BOOK THE YEAR OF 1950 ENCYCLOP/EDFA BRITANNICA, LTD. DEAN STREET, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W.I 102 PREFACE this volume ofthe Britannica Book ofthe Yatriht story ofthe WITH '40s is brought to its close. For the second decade in the lifetimes of many men and women the world, and Europe more than the other continents, is climbing back to peacetime economy after a holocaust. In this one respect the record for 1949 is almost an encouraging one. Many articles in the Book of the Year speak of industrial and business effort made and rewarded: indeed, if more and more production were the complete answer to 20th century difficulties man, in spite of some shortage of food, would have little to fear. But other articles in the Book ofthe Year tell ofthe less successful struggle to promote peace. Ideologically the world is divided into factions, clear cut as never before, and as yet there is no sign that the two sides are approaching a new and lasting understanding. Fortunately it is not the job ofthe Book ofthe Year to prophesy. Its onlyendeavouris to record happenings and, as faithfully as possible, the statements of those whose opinions and actions shape contemporary history. The Britannica Book of the Year 1950 contains a number of new entries. Included among them are COUNCIL OF EUROPE, NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY and MACEDONIAN PROBLEM. This year attention is especially drawn to these, as it is to the presentation of the long statistical sections at the close of the articles on France, Germany, Great Britain, the United States and the U.S.S.R. All national articles end with statistical summaries but these, for their outstanding importance, are exceptionally full. To the other new titles it is impossible to draw particular attention, unless exception is made for the charmingly written entry on COUNTRY LIFE. But all the 752 titles have the same purpose, accurately to report and interestingly to describe the events of 1949: it is the earnest hope of their 492 British, American and European authors that they in fact do so. JOHN ARMITAGE London Editor. COPYRIGHT Bfj ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, LTD, LONDON, 1950 PRINTED AND BOUND BY KNIOHT & FORSTER* LID. LEEDS EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS WALTER YUST, Editor-in-chief of Encyclopaedia Britannica JOHN ARMiTAGE, London Editor (Initials and names ofcontributors to the Britannica Book ofthe Year with the principalarticles written by them. The arrangement is alphabetical by initials.) A.AAtI.enLnPft.oEiraXmrayAtiNaotDnt,aEcRhLeodAndtLooEnt.XheAGNAruDeteRhkOorEUmobPfaAsLsGrLye;IeScD,ei'rsBe.cAtA.onra,tMoiGlnriiasenteekrVOePfnlfGteiruncerieeepcooe-f A.JAOA.fdARfariTc.eHrojUIRSmiplJiecrOoisSaiEls;PCHThheAemMiCcOhaeRlm,iIcnMad.luDstA.rs,ipeeMs.c,StcsL.to,df.IDn.SdIiu.hAsIctuoIrts.iihasPol.rriHneocaiflptaAhln(MienXd-piaRcraatyl) A.aBA.nLCd.BAEftReTr;Be.tc.CHANDLER. U.S. Baseball Commissioner.Baseball A.JAL.oRHnyTd.oHnU.R JAMES HEIGHWAY. Editor, WoArdlvde'rtsisPirnegss(inNpeawrst.) A.Blr. Scandinavian Literature lAitLeAraNtureL.EIGH BLAIR. Translator and writer on Scandinavian A.JAN.eLLiwF.RYoErDk.J. LIEBMANN. President, Schenley ReseSapirrcihtsI(nisntiptaurtte), A.CAD.oRCchtT.oHrsURHosCp.itCaHlRIMSedTiIcEa,l MCenDtre,ChWiaesfh,iDnegtpoanrX,t-mReDan.yCt.aonfdRRaaddiioollooggyy, A.JCAi.LtMyaAcNo.fJLoOnHdNonMaAnCdDROAencNgtAloirLcaDonf,CSotD.m.mDDu.u,nnisFto.anSn;.'AsC.-hmu-rRtcuhhre-aoWlfeEsDnteg.alnanAdou,fthettohcre. A.CAkR.THUR CROOK. Literarycritic, LondEonng.lishLiterature(inpart) ofLanfranc, HisLife, WorkandDestiny. Hildebrand;etc. A.DNAaeL.wLIYSoOrkN.DAAuNtZhoIrG.ofTMheemRbaecrquoeftsGpoarmtes\steatfcf.,TheNFoeowtb-aYlolrk(inTipmaerst,) A.JAA.sRPs.oTciHaUtiRonJaOnHdNEdPitAoLr,METhRe.RiSfelcermeatna,ry,RiNcahtmioonndal,SSmuarRlrilefly-e.boSrheooRtiifnlge A.DAA.gNLrisTc.uHltOuNraYl RDeAsVeaIrDchLECoEuSn,ciMl,.AUn,iPthoDf.InSseencitorPhSycsieinotliEofngityc,oOmfoGflricoeegaryt, A.KPArkLi.nBteErsR.TKIRK. TechnicalSecretary,BritishFederPartiintoinngof(iMnapsatretr) A.DtBAurrrLi.etFra,iRnM.EaDnchDeAstWeBr.ERC,ompMielemroTfexTte.xtIinlset.ManEudfiTtaeocxrttiuolrfeerTIenxYdtueisaltrerByMoa(oinnkupf;aaertctc-). A.LWACt.heoRHelmIlNmT.sieOaStcLcthheDeoeroslL'o,IfLTOrotNahnieEdnLoiRnnoHgy;AVaCilSocuKeArEscPLera,eLds,eaidnmedMyn.tCAoah.fnadiDDraCimnhrcaeaincintrogomr;f/aPtnJrhoieoinfDncBtatiahplnealDcelieEt,rde(BuScieacntdnaoplteraeivrrooto'n)-sf Ae.LORD ABERDARE. Chairman, National AssociRaatcikoents;ofTeBnonyiss lent Fund. AuthorofBalletomania; Diaghileff; etc. A.ECAU.l.USuShSb..sTa.IndNFCoEa.rnmaSedMraI.TraHAcu.ktethsoEdriatonofdrF,itrTesnhtneiSstJeoapusmrantatoleRuoarfcktcehhteasmA(pmweiirotChinhcEeao.mnfoBtMBherNeidotrieaaclipa)ny.,l A.LALG.aoNSsnD.tdRrofonni.^o-mLyAO;uUteIhtcoS.rSofIMyOinNt.agewiPsree;sidAentW,ineWiPnreimearn;dAWFioDnioecdsti(oSinonacpriaeyrttyo,)f A.GAAs.NsBo.SciCaOtionG.. ABuRthUoIrNIoEfRT,echJnrt.c oTfeMcehdniiccaatlionA,dveetrcDt.yiessirnugffsMa(innapgaerrt,) A.LAL..oWn.dLSo..n.W. SHILLADY. Chief MarketStEodciktsora,ndFiSnhaanrceisal(inTipmaens), A.GND.yeLem.stIou.uflrfss D&iviCsoiomnp,aOnryg,anIincc.C,heWmiilcmailnsgtDoenHp,oasrpDtiemtlaealnwsta,(rienE.pIa.rtd)u;PNounrtsidneg A.AtMi.UoDnD,s.RNeEwYYMo.rk,DANV.IYE.S. Librarian, InstiLtoutcealofGoPvubelrincmeAndtmi(niinsptarrat-) A. G. L. IVES, M.V.O., M.A. Secretary, King Edward's Hospital A.Mjd. Islam Fund for London. Author ofBritish Hospitals. ABDUL MAJID, M.A. Iman of the Mosque, Wokmg. Editor, AGNe MunitionsofWar(inpart) Islamic Review, Wokmg, Surrey. 'OA'r.dnGa.ncNeO,BDLeEp.artmReenatr oAfdmtihrealN,avUy.,SWNa.shiCnhgiteofn,ofD.tCh.e Bureau of A.AMuR.THUR MURRAY. President, National InstitDuatneceof(InSopcairatl) A.G.S. Insurance(inpart) Dancing.AuthorofHowtoBecomeaGoodDancer;ModernDancing; ANTONE G. SINGSEN. Assistant Director, Blue Cross Com- etc. mission, American Hospital Association. AJSf.O. InternationalMonetaryFund A HHa VenerealDiseases(inpart) A. N. OVERBY. Deputy Managing Director, International 'ARTHUR HERBERT HARKNESS. M.R.C.S L.R.C.P. Director Monetary Fund. A'HEUAnrdoLReldlTolgHySU,tRreLeoHtnECdloNinnRicYU,niSLtveLrOPseiYtteDyr.,'sOa.nBd.ES.t,. PMaulc.'.sTH.osDp.i,tFaoMlr.se,Ast.IrnystL(ieitncutptuaerreotr)f A.NSAOraaL.knFlaFRnrEadn,DciCsaNcloiE,fUorCnaMilEai.fYoErnRia.. PDriorfeecstsoorr,oPfriAnrttRHoisotmo,ryP,aPiunMbtilililncsgL(Ciionblrlpaeargnye),, A.iRAAHnau.LntMFgBhoderoEr.ersRs.tTorfy,HT.BUheneMtitvOiMenRrogsdEiaetHnrydEnoAGfHaDoOm.yxblfleoi;rBndrg.eidd(igiAtneouprtEa,hdritoT)trho;eroC,foOnTfEtfhnriegcaiicnNateleeBwrRriuinldYgegosferok(roifnTfiopCrmaaererststd) A.PaAAteinuL.odtnBhalEToirrRsamnTo;sfaPectETtcihE.oeLn,sCoMon.fgArt.eh,geaLtCiiotton.ngDar.legLaTatwitooenEaHdluintHdoirrs,etCdoCor;oningcIgranrleeegvgSaioattctiaiiboelontenayal,lCCoLMhnoougnnrrdtceohhgnlea.ys- Games. A.SAJo.cAJia.l SAeLcuTriMtEyYAEdRmi.nistrCaotmimoins,siWoansehri,ngtFoend,eraDl.C.SecuSorciitaylASegceunrciyt,y AGeRneTrHalU,RTheRAIsCsoHciAaRtiDonKofNBOrWitLisEhSC,ChhaamOmb.bBe.erErs.s,ooffFC.CoCom.Imm.emSre.crec,eSeL(coirnnetpdaaorrnyt.-) CONTRIBUTORS Vlll A.STS..IADR..,AMR.IT.HC.UE.R, SM.TIA.EN.EL.E,YB.SAcN.G(WEIngN.),. K.CBh.aETi.er,lmeagnDr,.aSphCOya.b,(lienMpaarCnt.d,) C.CCR.eHNaA.dVeR.rLEinSPhCyYsiRoIloLgyNiOnRtRheOUYnivVeArsSiSt,y oMfSLco.,ndPohn.Da.t,SMt.PBThyh,soimCoahls.o'Bg.sy Wireless,Ltd., London. Hospital Medical School, London. Part author of Synopsis of A.Sdn. ShopsandDepartmentStores Physiology(4thed.). AofRMTerHchUaRndiSsEinLgD,OLNo,ndoBn..Com. Consulting Editor, Store, Magazine C.CC.HWAs.RLES COWLEY WORTERS, F.I.C.CSo.nsuSemcerretCarreyd,itTh(ienpHairrte) A.SABtanLn.EkXfAorNRDecEoRnstSruTcEtiVoEnNaSndONDEexvcehlSaoenpngmieeonrCto.nEtcrAoonulotmhaionsdrt,oEfxcIThnhtaeenrgCneoatmRiamotnoeansl PCProuourtncechciatlsieoonTfraatndhdeeAIPnsrssotoimctoiutattieiooonnfoaCfnrdeTdrioatfdteMh,aenLIatngdt.ee,rmneaLntotino,dnaoLlno;AnsdsoonMc.eiamtbieonrfoorf A.TIAN.neRtCe1wTr.eHZsteUailRnanITdnRteGEronVvaetOriRonnmaeClnAtEM,cPoLnBooEnmdLiocLn,.OrMga.nAi.zNatePiuwobnlZiecalRaenlda,tiDoonmsinOfifoincero,f C.CCIMnyaHs.tnAi;tRuteLtec,E.SOttCaLwaA,Y.OntaDriiroe.ctoAr,uthCoarnadofianYouRnegseaCVraocnyhaadgieauanrnd;LiEMdtuiestroakrtriuaartle A.TAa.nLdMEeL.XibAraNrDiaEn,RInTstAitYutLeOofRHisMtIorLiNcaEl,ReMseaAr.c,h,F.URn.iHHvieisrststoirtSiycaolfSRLeeocsrneedatorancr.hy C.CCDh.HeHAmui.RstLrEy,SNoDr.thHweUsRteDr,n USncivDe.r,sitPyh,.DE.vanstMoonr,riIslolinnoisP.rofCehsesmoirstroyf A.CWAosUm.pDiRleErYofWIWTriHtEinRgSs,onB.BAr.itisEhdiHtiosrt,orVyog(Fuianes,hpirLooongnraedsnosdn)..Dress(inpart) C.ECS.tAH.A.JToR.hLn'Es,SNEe.wfAo.unJdElFaFndE;RYC,orrMe.sBpoEnld.enNteE,dwifTtoohuren,dTlEiavmneednsi,anngLdoTnLedalobenrg.ardamo,r B.DLBroE.nRdoNnA,RDJoinDtENEdViItoRr,, ABr.tA.NewArstacnrditiRce,vTireiwb.unAeuaAtnrhdtorSDaaolifelsyD(rHianewrpiaanlrgdts,} C.ECN.aALt.iR-oLQn.alE.LutLhUeNrDan-QCUouInScTil,. BE.dDi.tor,ANssaitsitoannatlLEuxtehceurtainv.e LDuitrheecrtaonrs, B.FoNByf.U.YW.RilNliHaAmMHogFarItNhN;EeYt.c. EditMoarc,hiAnmeerryicaannd MMaacchhiinniestT,ooNlesw(inYpoarrkt,) C.EiCDs.etH,Rp.AaDRritvLmiEesinSotnEooDffGAIAgnrRfiocrRumlAattuNriDeo,nALWaLans,dhiAEn.dgBu.tc,oantM,ionAD,.CFI.onrfeoFsrAotmruaetStsheitrorovrynic(eSoi,pnfecpUiaO.aruSltr.-) Forests;etc. B.HCB.oEPl.NoraHd.o.PARKER. President, Colorado SchoolofGeMoilnoesg,y(Gionlpdaernt,) C.KC.HR.ASR.LESELYROSESHERRINGTON,M.A. SRecarieltwaaryys,R(Ianiplawraty} Research Service, British Railways. Author of Economics of Rail B.JJBo.RuWr.YnaAl,NLoJnAdRoDn.INE WOOD, F.D.S.R.CS. Editor, BritisDhenDteinsttaryl C.FCT.rYaDRnns.IpLortFiRnAGCrlNeoKatthiBnDrgiUtINanidNnu;.stertyc.I(nindupsatrrti)a;lIrCoonrraensdpoStnedeelnt(i,npOabrste)r;veetrc,. BB..LLtO(BBB..BfhoERrfBeaii.RYtrcUiedTAnsrhiHNotfAfEeoldrLTeArmLSKaeTcIidnhLHnetl),IgAe.dAsMLwoN.iomgn;-BdHoPRMonalAes.sCmttbEePmeYr,re,sIiComdofOmenin.tTtgBri,romaElTtb.,iieComronbBmeAamArdn.ivdTsirssEaomiWirdogyeonTrmiaCFemftoeonbidmre'oemrnsriGat((etiitArinnfeomppfenaaaarrinottrtyo)s)f CC..FGCSNLCU.e.ao.EHScFtnSztCeAidi..IoooRnDLnnLae,.lNpEGatNtS.CEaiotoOominFfomR.anilGCatSolItECmnemceIHF,oenWRmrcAeocIEnmeRK(te,iTEenr,ZpDWnaia,arvtCstii.h)sotB;iin.noaEWAngl.e,t,,aCoClOMhnhMtf.,afahAmAim.cbDab,,eneedrCoBr.sIfP.nShoocBc.ffouDCsm.CieoonD,miemmrDsCmeeihsescirtrteEcrofccier,ebo,.un(ItioBinnmrocipintao,cirmssote,h)f B.POCIh.LiAefVGEuidSeT.. CALuAthIoRr,oLfAOpDeYninBgADDooErNwayPsO.WELGLir,lGGu.iBd.eEs.(inWoparrltd) C.CNGa.LtMuAyrR.alENHaCtEchiGnEgOaRndGEReaMriAnYg;.BaEndtitaomrs,fPoorulEtgrgys.World. AutPhoourltroyf B.RPBR.raEPonRf.geTosoIsnoE.roRfEHGisItoNrAy,LDUnivPeErsAiRtyN,ofRMa.nAgo,onF..RATuhHatiishtloarSn.dof(SHiFiasomtr)om;reyretlocy.f C.CSHe..rBvdHi.c.e,BIChNiFefORoDf,PatMh.oDl.ogyMSeedrviiccael, UDi.rSectoMra,riUn.eS.HoPsupbiltiaclL,eHpeBraalolttsihy- more, Maryland. Br.NBCSoe.RnwtUroClYE.orkS.MITAHut.horSeocfretPaorlyi,ceISnsytsitteCumtresimoiefn(itPnhuebpalriUtc.)S.;A;PdomlRiiuncriesatl(rianCtpriaiormnte,) C.HSCBr.hIiBaRtrrit.sehCrHeMdiAnRiSsuLtrrEvyeSyoofrHTaErnaRdnBsTpEoorRwtTn, p1Bl92aR8nE-n3Se5rS.;EYPr,inciCpa.lBT,ecRChno.iaBcdaEsl.,(OinffDpi.acSrectr.,) BB..SBWBPka.EE.sCtNR.PTSrReHsAUidPMenAtWC,IKAL,mLaBtI.eASuM,rMCSwUAiM.mMmDIiinNregSct.Aosrs,oHcSoionaa.triioPnnug.blSiSFocciwoituiGeynmltdimSydeeiiocrnnfrggeaAtn((maiidernnryHppiaaoacrrnnattd..)) CCh..HCMCF.aHH.BcAAhui.RRnLLerEEySS,LFHoOnEXdN,oRnYM.AB.URSDoEMmaRec,thiimnMeerByD.iaErned,ctMoBra.CAca.homfibnrTeiArcdaTtioginoeinlngsUgn(iiEvnidenirptsaotirrhtt,ey) Editor, SwimmingTimes, Croydon,Surrey. University of Cambridge. Author of Educational Psychology; etc. C.ACN..HBYAn..RLES A. BRESKIN. Publisher, ModPelranstiPlcasstIincdsu,stNreyw(inYpoarrkt,) Ch.CCFhlHr.oAnRicLleE,SLoFndOoTnH.ERAGuItLhoLr of MTohteorSitnogry CMooofrtrGoerrsapRnoadncdiePnnrgtix,(inMNopeatrwotsr) C.AoCo.ffLBtrIth.hFeeFHCOioRgmhDmoCAonmwMmeAiaslNstiDhoUnNeSartiBoofUnaARluMstELriSablTriaEaryRi,n,CLaBon.nbdAeAorunrs.atL,riabLlAriiuaaasrintisraLoaninl,tieaOrO.fafftfiuicrceeer C.HRCL.a.ocGni.dGnTogO.n..RDON TETHFR. BDaenpkuitnyg(CIintpyartE)d;itBoar,nkFionfaEnncigallandT;imeetsc.. C.ACtH.itHJosn.AtoRattrLetEhdSee-S^AoerNxbDpoaRnnnfsei:,onJPaUenLtsIdEeNAl.uatchPoorlroofnoiesfsasHtoiirsotnooffirrtaehned$eahiiFVssr'eteAsonfrcn(yhvqooulUfe.ncdi1ouo,lnoN1;n9oi4erz8tda)c;-.. C.HHPorU.ogGrHammCeH,RBIriStTisOhPBHrEoaRdcaHsOtiLnMgEC,orpBorAa.tioCnh,ieLfonAdssoinstAarnatb,iaT;hietrcd. C.CEAd.EiMCtooI.rL, AMLeaFtRETrDadMerOs'RRJoIuSrnOaNl,.LAodnvdeornt.isingManagerMaenadtAs(isnisptaarnt)t C.LSoF.feIBlR.LloownC,dYoJRne.IsuLsACuLotlOhleoDgreO,oWfOIxTCfhoerdBF.aUcRtPTorr,osfeoMsfs.oAtrh.e,ofMiDP.nsSdyc;cP.hs,eoytlccohD.g.oLyli,otgtUy.n,i(ivnLerLpsa.irDtt.y) C.ACL.oASnLdd.VonI.N ADAMS SHEPARLeDa.therEd(iintopra,rt)S;hoSehoaenIdndLuesattrhyer(inNpeawrst,) C.LC..Bt.LEVERICH BRETT, B.A. Editor, NationalRoAwssioncgia(tIinopnarot)f Amateur Oarsmen Rowing News. C.ACS..pTiAc.eTTrHaAdYeEARs.sociFaotrimone.rPresidentandFormerDirector,AmeSrpiiccaens C.LC.HdAeBR.LES-LOUIS de BEAUMONT, M.A. MemFbernecindg^H(ionnpnaerutr) C.BC.HE.ARLES BERTRAM EDWARDS. Secretary, Grand NAartcihoenrayl dFeenlcaiFnegdeArsastoicioantiIonnt,ernLaotnidonoanl.ed'AEustchroimrc.ofHMoond.erSencrBertiatriys,hAFmeanctienugr. C.BCAtrH.cAheRrLyESSociBetAyRaTnLdEoTfTt.he RGooylaflETdoixtooprh,ilCihtiecSaogcoieTtryi,bGuGnroee,laftC(hBiirnicptaaagriotn,.) C.tLCu.ArVeR.MaR.nOdLoLftLh.eVHisMtEorEyKSof,ArPth,.DY.aleAssUonicvieartseitPyrA,orfcNehseistwoercHtouafrveeAnr(i,cnhiCptaoernct--) Illinois. Secretary, GolfWriters' Association ofAmerica. necticut. President, Society ofArchitectural Historians. C.BCuA.RLYLE BURROWS, B.A. Art Editor, NeScwulpYtourrek(iHnepraarlt)d C.CMcOGN.STANTINE EDWARD McGUIRE. EcoCnuobmai;cHaAidtiv;iseetrc.. Tribune,NewYork, N.Y. Author ofItaly's InternationalEconomicPosition; etc. CONTRIBUTORS IX C.CM..KyM.EAVE KENNY, M.D., F.RC.OGG.ynaeUcnoilvoegrysiatnydROebastdeetrricisn D.RD.AGV.ID ROBERT GENT. Rugbv Correspondent,FooStubnadllay(inTipmaerst,) Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Postgraduate Medical School, Univer- London sityofLondon. D.R.Gi. France C.CMnU.THBERT MAUGHAN. Shipbuilding(inpart);etc. DARSIE RUTHERFORD GILLIE Legion of Honour. Paris Shipping Correspondent, The Times, Correspondent, Ma^thester Guardian LMoarnidnoen;.etcA.uthor of Commodity Market Terms; Our Mercantile D.SDtA.NIEL STARCH. O*n-ultant in Business RAdevseeratricshi.ng(Finorpamretr) C.CM.APRn.L M. PETERSON, M.D. SecretaryI,nduCsoturnicalilHeoanlthIn(diunsptariratl) oLfecWtiusrecronsainnd PArouftehsosrorofatPriHnacrivpalersdofUnAidvveerrstiitsyinga,ndetct.he University C.HCMe.OaRlN.tSh,TAAmNeCriEcanM.MedRicIaTlTAEssNoHciOaUtiSoEn. (Mrs. GPiarullGuRiidtetsen(ihnoupsaret)) DaVD.nOdUFGeLllAoSw oVfECAoLrEp,u^C.CBhriEst,iM(_oAl.legReegistrarofOOxxffoorrddUUnniivveerrssiittyy National Director, Girl Scouts of the United States of America. D.W.H. SocialistMovement C.CM.HWAIR.LES MORROW WILSON. Economist, Caribbean LAifbfeariiras., nDaEtNioInSal WDeIpNaSrtImOenNt HoiEAthLeFBYr,itisMhBLaEb,ourMPAa.rty.Secretary, Inter- WMeedsitciAnfer.icaDnirAefcTtdiorrs,.LiDbicrreicatnor,insAtmieturtiec.anAuFtohuondratoifoOnilfoArcTrroospsictahle D.WD.OKU.-GJLAS WILLIAM BKreLaNdTa-nJdONBaEkSe,ryPPrho.dDu,cts;BFSlcourF(.inR.pIa.rCt.) World, Liberia; etc. Analytical and Consulting Chemist. Author of The Pr,actice and C.RCiPCn.oeLnAnIsCn.ushFlyaFtlravOgnaeRtn,iDoafARSm.tMeaartrAiercDiCaaAonglMelSeIgnC,esot,uinMtSsutAteaelt,leoifnCPgohlFlfaDeomgriel,tyhPPereRoneSfMnlceasahsrytosrilooovirlnaasngooieffaaPEnAsdduyRutcecDhhgaiooitvrloioonoragncol,yef E.ASIL.ciLGibesrIna.7cneaAnBsohEjiTfBH)r,eaAdU.tnritvGaekRrisOnigVt,yFSMoo,fdWeBarsnAh.iCnegrAtesoasnli,stCaSChenheatimtlitdsPlrtere,ronyf'e.WssassBohori,onkgsStco(hinon.oplarot)f C.LTCNo.aAoDvLk.aiVlnIgONpAerhTaetaidDonUtsoR(MGAaiIrr)rN,iaDgeeVp.iacretmAednmtiAroiafrl,tFhoerUcNeSasvNoyf,tWhaDeseWhpoiurntglytdoCdnh,niepDfarCotf) E SL\Apf.D>aP'nGsi/sA/hoR,, UAnAiLHvieLsrItsoiSrtOyyNnoffPtLhEievEeRRrSopom,oaln.tMi.cAAu,MtohvoHeromnoefnLtSLtuinDdSi.pSeapsnaiionsPf.hrtohfLeeistSseporarantiusorhef C.CWN.eASwR.LYorWk. STOCKS, BS. Edi'or EmeritMuost,orBuTsranTsrpaonrstpor(itnatpiaornt,) E.AACEiuDrStdWh.LoIeraNgouCfeOToLhfeSthTReOBANr.iFtS.isHhTEoEP-mAdHpvaiiEyar,RteiD,oG,nrA,eiBarCtiACvioFllr,irB(geihsntLpispotatnr.dte)S;netcG,rleiStduainrndygaGy(einnTeiprmaaerlst,.) D.AD.OC.ROTHY A. CANNLLL. Writer and Editor,WLoomnedno'nsActivities E.CEuLl.Y CULBERTSON. Editor, The BridCgoentrWaocrtldB,riNdgeew(inYpoarrkt.) DD..AADPDr..OEiSGnnRN.c.RiRAp.IaLlC,DKLoAAnDdGoO.nLRCPoEHuIUnDtS,yBuSBCiIolSudNcinGnc(gTiblOnagnNBd,)n,BxCeotBArnol.AsintMnr;SuIccGPhCteroireooLsmnlsa,IonCnfAyodunMB(stuitrIinrolypldaSi(rtniOtrngf)uf;cpitacerettLrc),. E.EAStM.ouIBtRsCHh.o,ErMHDooWfnTrACeLoRaLnstDurDrayc,,EtTHLBooTrnniIddNoDg.neGL.iDCtEto.mN,pElHeotBen,RDIC.DuClG.bELe.Srt,soPneG'r.smCaHnoBe.y,lnCeitv;GiSleeCtcSc.re.Vertv.iaOcrey, D.BCeFBDt.orcASinR..dtVgrSIeosDlA,CTCBoihvmAeimlRBiuENsinslAgidiReonrneD?erfooSfrTtAhEGueetIhrBNormMiradAnogyeNf..,APArAauc.tthMioc,raloTCfrEeaB,teiBhsreeSincodngDeUSsnu,cs(opivPneenhprsa.eirDdot;n), EE..EFoEEH..fiDDRsHt.kAGWo.mrAAeyRr,RiDcSEtaanFUnOGfHoWEirsLdNtEEoUrSnyiHRvOeAarnBYsdIiLtNyODS,iCUrOnSeKNitct.,atenodfrEAodSriotdMtfa,otret,C,shaeLloYiLfaf.IcoAnhDrmst.nteiiirnatiYgu.cBtaaeWcy,ohrrotnTlfiehdn,egAPmLr((eooiinnfrnedippsaaocsrrnaott.nr)) D.CAD.sIhsINo.cIJi.SatiCoLn,IFLoFnOdRonD.HENRIK JONES, FLA. LLiibbrraarriiaens,(Linibpraarrty) E.GEE.dSiAtTnoE.r,LLBEooGt aAndNDShEoReSROecNord(eMrr,s.NAerwthYuorrDk.,SANhn.odYee.rIsnodnu)stryAs(sinocpiaartte) D.DoD.fOCWR.oIrSkDwAiVthIEYSouCnHgILPeCoOplTe,, FIslLi.nAgtonPrPiunbcClihipicalldLriAebsnrs'aisrsitBeaosn,otkLsino(niCdnhopanarrgte) E.GEt.iRoCnIs.CofGGEreOaRtGBrEitaCiOnGGINS. Secretary, NationIacleSSkkaattiinnggA(sinsopcairat-) D.LODDehzAcitVou.IreDArutiDnhIoGEreTnoZefr.aAltoSSmcciiiecenncEcene,eWrEegdysittoienrr,nthRSeecsCreoirmpvpiesAn-tgUHonomiEvwireaacrr,sEdientteycN,r.cgCwylse(pvianeplpeaanirdts,) E.IENMIoe.DnCwoeW.yAY.oRrDk THimesC,OLNLeIwNSY,orkB,LiNt.t.Y.MeAmubtheorr,oEfdiItnofrliaatlGioonBlodaanr(iddn,pYaTorhuter) D.FDC.hAKro.VnIicDle,FLRoAnNdConI.S KESSLER, BA. Managing DnectoIrs,raeJle;weitsch. E.HEPdaDk.iWsItaNn aHnAdWBAuRrDma.AssEodciitaotri,on/PABu.thBourlleotfin;A SPCeiacclrtceuutrtaetrayo;,fCIIennyddliioaan,; D.FD.OKyN.OVAN FRANK KELLEY. Angling Europeans in the Indian Legislature; etc D.GD.ABV.ID GRAHAM BURNS, BA. MemberofthestSaufTg,arCo(imnmpoanrt-) E.HZEionDo.lWogAicRaDl SHoIciNeDtyLEo,fLMonAdo,nS.cDAu,tPhho.rD.o,fFF.lRi.eSs.anScdieDnitsiefiacseD;ZiroBeolclotooogdry,- wealth EconomicCommittee, London. suckingHies,etc. D.'GD.OWoU.GLAS G. WOOLF. Former EditorTienxtCihlieefI,ndTuesxttriyle(iWnopralrdt,) E.HH.OKgW.ARD HERBERT KEELING, M.C., M.A. NatMieomnablerTrusotf Textile Consultant and Publisher, East Pasadena Herald, Pasadena, Parliament, Chairman, Publicity Committee, National Trust, California. England and Wales D.'HDnE.'REK HUDSON, MA. LiteNrearwyspEadpietrors,anSdpeMctaagtao/rineAsu(tihnoprarto)f E.HE.DKrW.ARD HENRY KRAUS. Dean Emeritus of theMCionlelreagleogoyf n'jpTSacDhCpiEeoernmNsta'Yi,sfSiectBcOI.afrRfniVceIesrN,EoGfoCv"eOTrhOneMmBeTnEitRme,Cshe"m;Bi.sSBtCrs,i'tiDsAheRp.aJIor.utrCmne,anlitsP,StphsiLrDoiatnnsddo(innsN.eepnawirsot-r) E.IgLEM.i.riFta.cephIr.ihagtyuaFrnAea.,RndSRcIieMNniGcneeTrOaanNldo.gtyh,eFAUornrtismveearrnsdiStePycrroefotefasrsyoM,ricEMhmHaieosgrrsatianitc,cuhusulsAtoeufntrnteCrs(yisAnHtroapbrlaoltrroit,--) j)*jDfOtNALD J HART, MA. AssociateWPargofeesssaonrdoHfouErcso(nionmpiacrst,) cAuultthuroarlofSoTchieetyG;ardEednietro'rs,AlHmoratniaccu,ltuertec., Boston, Massachusetts. D'CMSaIerRroDllAVCoIllDegMe,ILWNaEuk,esK.hCa.,B.W,isMcoAn.sinPermanentUndcr-SecrSectoatrlyanodf E.IEA.PrR.mNyESinTtIh.ePUUniGteMdIRSEta.tes.National CommaSnadlveartioonfAtrhemySa(linvaptairotn) StateforScotland. E.I.U. VitalStatistics j)'MDOfNALD MARK TAILBYV,egBe.taAbleEcOoinlsomaincdAAsnsiimsatlantF,atCso(imnmpoarnt-) LEtCdO,NLOonMdIoSn.T INTELLIGENCE UNIT, Economist Newspaper nwNea*lth Economic Committee, LonSdoocine.ties,LearnedandProfessional E.JE.DC.WINJ CAMERON. Director,ResearcChanLnaibnograItnodruisetsr,yN(aitnipoanratl) DAVID NICOLL LOWE, OBE., M.A , BSc. Secretary, British Canners Association, U.S.A. Association for the Advancement ofScience. ,E.J.L. Denmark; Norway; etc. nLVnADY DOROTHY NICHOLSON, M.A, MB.E. AuthLoorndoonf EAnTtHhrEoLpoJloOgHy,NLUn1iNveDrsGiRtyENo,f CMa.mAb.r,iPdhg.eD.. LEedcittuorrero,fDeTpheartStmuednytooff TheLondoner;etc. Society; Methods and Problems. CONTRIBUTORS E.KEnW.ART KEMPSON Cards Editor, StarC,onLtornacdtonB.ridgAeut(ihnoprarto)f F.JF.RK.ANCIS J. KOVALCIK. AssisEtlaencttriEcdailtoIrn,dusEtlreicetsri(cianlpaWrotr)l;d.etc. E.LFB.rDSi.dWgIeNQuiIz.. SIBERT. Brigadier General, USAArn.liesCoofmtmhaenWdoirnlgd F.JPF.lOasnJ.ninOgSABssOoRciNa.tion,CGhraeiartmaBrnitaToifon.wEnAxeuactnuhdtoiCrvoeou,fntGTrroyeewPnnl-aBneanlntidnCgitC(iioenus;pnatertrtcy). E.GECMeh.DneCem.WriaAsltRryoDfDeMthpOeaiRtUTmneIintMte,dERRSotatCthReasOmsWAtrTemHdyEERxFp,oerrcDiemseSncitn.alFFtehSrRettiaIlAtiniCzto.einrl,sleHH(sieanrappdaernot-)f F.JmFU.naSRienvE.eDrosfRitItyhC,eKDBeoJsptaoSrnTt,mAeRMnEats,soafMchNuuDst.ertittPsir.oonf,esSscohrooolfFooNfoudtMreRidetisiceoiannreca,hndH(ianCrhpvaaairrrtd-) K.dEMe.MnE,E.HReYrtfoMrdsEhiLrLeINGSON. ManAaigrepro,rtsAiarndTrFalynisnpgorFtielAdssso(ciniaptairotn) F.LAF.rRCm.EyDEInRteIrCnaKtioLnaClOHUcaTdTqSua.iteArsss,istLaonntdoLint.erSaAarulytvaShteoicrorneotfAa'nrlyrh,teySaT(liinvmaeptlaierostn)s ofAmerica, Los Angeles, California. Prophets;etc E.GEMlgDahs.WsATRecDhniMcaElIGSeHr,vicMes,BLLtd,,MLoSncd,onP..I LA , F.SGClfassD(iirnecptaorit,) F.MoFf.RVAG.eTNo.ClIogSy,M.CoVlAorNadToUSYcLhoolProoffesMsionreas,ndGHoeladedno,lGCetohoellooDrgeaypdao(i.rntpmaerntt) E.NAEF.t.RToGI.miCScs,,1FMCERheSGmHi.AcSaNl, MITndIIuRnsstAtr.TiPeSest,O.OL,oEdnidtPoohrnD,.P,AauintDthoIMraCno,ufPfaPaiecBntttruSsocralen,e,duPmAVe.GatRerr.onoSliloseMguhyme.,s, F.NFtR.ioRoIynIaA.alNnBdKotEaNvneOircyRdGMaayrAdUNesnessH,;OKeWetcEw.,S,SurDreyS.c.AuPtrhioncripoaflNuStcise,nttihfeiicrPOrffoNidcuuetcrs-, E.EOC.oDGmG.mAonRweOaTltThOEGcOonToHmSiCcHC,omBmiStctee(,FcoLnon).donMemberCoocfoat;heCosftaffefe, F.PCF.oLRn.sALu.NltKantPPAhyTsRicIiCanK,PuLtEnEeyHLoAspNiDtaElR,,LonOdoBn;E.,AssMistDa.n,tPPnhFeyusRoiicoCin.aiPna., E.P.Jo. Diabetes Brompton Hospital and Royal Free Hospital, London. EBH.aakrPevraJrOdCSliLUnIniicN,v,erNMseitwDy.,MESencdg.ilDcaanldPrSDocfeheaoscosolo,nresEMmseedrHiioctsaupJsitoaDfli,rCelciBtnooisrct,aolnG,MeeodMriagcseisnaeF-,. F.SFF.RBR.ESDELRIACKViceS-APrMesUidEeLnt,BROoAySa,l SMocAie,tyolfioLnitLeLiaLtiDutre,eraaHrnyodnR.eEDsn.egLaliritcs,hh E.cREh.uUBskGe.tEtsN.E R. BInLtAerCnKat.ionaPlreBsaindeknfto,rIRnetceornnsattriuocntailonBaanndkDefovrelRoepcmoenn-t SAUshnsiaovkecerissapitetiayornDe;raaPnmrdeasihiidnsentPthr,eedTEeulcdieozsrasboAertgsh;eanChLriitsetroaprhyerSoMcaiertlyo.we'AuAthSotrudyo;f E.SsEL.taBDrrwuW.cntIi'NolnenanSnidsBADsAesvKoecEliRoatp,imoennA.,tB.. Executive SecreLtaarwyn, lUenninitsed(inStpaartte)s F.SFBP.ilRRoy.lEmooDgiuEctaRhlILCAasKbsoorcSaiTtaotRriAyo,nTToDEfevNotnhRsehUiSUrnSei.EtLeLd,KiFn.gRdSo.m,SecDMriearteracirtnyo,erBMoiaforliotngheye E.SEe.DMOND S. SEGBoRoAkVPEublisEhdiintgor(,///Bopaorkts)e;lleLri,terLaornydoPrni./es(inpart) F.SpFto.ElLogIiCcIalAISnsTtiAtuLteL,MLAoNn,donM,AAssiAsstsainsttaSnetcrSeetcarrAeyt,natrFhyor,lokpRooLlyooagrlye(ASinonctipheartroyt-,) E.S.J. JuvenileEmployment(inpart) London. oEYfoLuLItaZhbAoFuBmrE,pTlWoHaysmSh.einnJtgO,tHoBnNu,SreODaNuC..ofCLhiaebfo,urDiSvtiasnidoanrdols,ChUilSd. LDaebpoarutrmaenndt F.TFHsi.RstEoDriEcaRlILCibKrarBy., STwOaLrLthEmSo,reFACroiMlel.ned,gse,,PRheS.lwDia.gritohusmLoSirobecr,iaertiPyaenno,nfsy(Flinrviapenanirdats.) E.TE.RBI.C TEMPLE BELL Professor of Mathematics,MatChaelimfaotrincisa F.VF.RWE.DERICK VICTOR WESoLaLpS,,PerFf.uCm.eSryaFndRCHosiSn.eticEsd(iitnorparot)f Institute ofTechnology, Pasadena, California. Author of Men of Soap, Perfumery and Cosmetics, London,, Chairman, Society of Mathematics, The Development of Mathematics; etc. Cosmetic Chemists (UK Section) E.WEM..DGA.WIAERDE HeWaIdLoLfIRAuMral ElGeOctLriDfEIilceNactGtir,oincaalnIMdndWuSsictn.rdTi-eescpho(/w/,/eprManD)eL;pEaerEttc.-., F.WFU..RSrW...DeRpEarItCmHeEntLDoEfRCFoLmmRe,rcAe,B,WasDhiScn.gtoCnh,ieMDfe,.tCeW.oeraotlhoegry(Biunrpeaarut,) mMeenats,urEelemcetnrticsalanRdesMeeaarschurAisnsgocIinasttirounm,enLtso'n,doetnc.. AuthorofElectrical F.WF.RTEa.DERICK WILLIAM TATTERSALL, FRSCSot,tonF(inRpFi!rtS). E.WEATfihLf.eaIirZRsoA.mBeE-ABTueHtrhloiWnrIASoMfKSEC>zMeAchNsNa,ndMGeArm,anM.sL,itUtndecWlrairteedr oWanIrt;aFloyrI;teaeiltgycn., F.CDFWeo.RstWAit-goNSnnC.erIT;SraVdiesiWtEIixnpLgeLrIItnAsatMnrudctSotWratFiasNttiTctihWaenO.TRwTicHke-nShHaIImnEtLeSrDciSohro,oDlecoNorf.aRtA.irDot.,n E.WEUsnDi.vWerAsiRtyDMWeEdIicSaSl,SMchoDol, PPrhoifleasdesloprhioaf,CPleiPnnisncsyaycllhvoMasenodimiaac.tiinceC,oM-eTadeuimtcphilonere G.AGM.iAdRdoRl.eAs.exR.OUSH. ForMmienerrFadlitaonrd,MMeitnaelraPlrIondduucs-ttiroyn,aUndSPAr.iceAsu;thetocr, ofPsychosomatic Medicine. ofStrategicMineralSupplies. E.aEWn.RdWNeL.HoSlTidWayAsLBToEarRd;WIMMeBmLbEe,rCo.fBTEh.eMHeomteblesrEoxfeTcoBuurtirtiiivsstehIT(nBodruuirstitisrstyh G.ACG.aSOniRa.dDaON A. S1SCO, DD Secretary,UTnhietedUnCihtuerdchCohfuCracnhadoaf TnratainosnpaolrttraCvoemlmmiosnstiholny).; Chairman of Editorial Board, Go, inter- G.BG.FEnO.RGE B. EUSTERMAN, M D SeniorConsuAlltiamnetntianrMyeSdyisctienme F.AF.RSwE.DERICK A. SWEET, M.A. AssoAcritatEexhiCbuirtaitoonsr(oinfpParati)nteitncg. o(RfetMierdeidc)i,neM,ayMoayColinFiocu,ndRaotcihoenst,erU,nivMeirnsnietsyotoaf,MiEnmneersiottusa GPrroafdeusastoer and Sculpture, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. School, Minneapolis, Minnesota. F.BF.RC.ANK B. COOKSON. ChairmanoftheTheory DeMpuasritcme(inntpaarntd) G.DG.EHO.CR.GEDOUGLASHOWARCoD-opCeOraLtEi,veMM.oAv.emCehnicthe(ilnepParrot)f;esestocr. Assistant Professor ofTheory and Composition, School of Music, ofSocial and Political Theory, Oxford University Author of The Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Managing Editor, Intelligent Man's Guide to the Post-war World; etc. F.CEF.dIRuIcE.aDtiEoRnaIlCMKimCeMHaIgCazKiSnOeN., F.C.IS GeneralRoSteacrryetIanrtye,rnRatoitoanrayl G.DGM.iEnHiO.sLRt.rGyEofDCiAvVilIADviaHtiOonU,GLHondLoInNTAiOrNp.ort.FAoirrmpeorrtsP(rienssparOtf)f;iceetrc,. International in Great Britain and Ireland. F.CF.RWA.NCIS CARTER WOOD, M.D. Emeritus Director, CCaanncceerr Gc.GABsEus.oOcRiaGtiEonBUGBEE. Executive Director, AmHeorsipcitaanlsH(oisnppiatratl) SRte.seLaurkce'hs,.CHoolsupimtbaila, UNneivwerYsoitryk,.NeAuwtYhoorrk.ofCColninsiuclatlinDgiaPgantohsoilso,giesttc,. G.EG.EL.ORGE E. LIEBERMAENar,,NMosDe.andAsTshorcoiaatt,eDiinseOatsoelsaroyfn(gionipoagryt,) F.E.Lk. Gems University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Medicine, Phila- FRANCIS ERNEST LEAK, F.G A. Manager, John Bennett, delphia, Pennsylvania. Jteowrye,llBerri;stSoel.niorPartnerofWestofEngland Gemmological Labora- G.FG.ER.ODR,GE EDWARD RAVEN DEACON, DSc., F.ORc.Se.anoDgerpaupthyy F.CFeR.ANK GEORGE, MA. AEsxspilsotraanttioEndiatnodr,DiRsocyoavleryG;eoGgeroagprhaipchayl CBrhiiteafin.Scientific Officer, Royal Naval Scientific Service, Great F.HSFIo.cRiAetNy,KLonHdEoPnP.ENSTALL, A.C.A. Secretary, BWroioti!sh(inWpoarotl)* G.OHGfbEf.iNceEofHOthLeCCOhiMeBf.ofEDnegpiCunateneyarlsCs,hiaDefne,dpaTIernctlhmanneidnctWalaotfIentrfhwoearAymrastm(iyio,nnpWaDaritsv)ih;siineotgnc-,. Federation ton, D.C

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