Bottom-Interacting Ocean Acoustics PDF
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BOTTOM-INTERACTING OCEAN ACOUSTICS NATO CONFERENCE SERIES Ecology II Systems Science III Human Factors IV Marine Sciences V Air-Sea Interactions VI Materials Science IV MARINE SCIENCES Vo/ume 1 Marine Natural Products Chemistry edited by D. J. Faulkner and W. H. Fenical Vo/ume 2 Marine Organisms: Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution edited by Bruno Battaglia and John A. Beardmore Vo/ume 3 Spatial Pattern in Plankton Communities edited by John H. Steele Vo/ume 4 Fjord Oceanography edited by Howard J. Freeland, David M. Farmer, and Colin D. Levings Vo/ume 5 Bottom-Interacting Ocean Acoustics edited by William A. Kuperman and Finn B. Jensen BOTTOM-INTERACTING OCEAN ACOUSTICS Edited by William A. Kuperman and Finn B. Jensen SACLANT ASW Research Centre La Spezia, Italy Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division by PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publ ication Data Nato Conference on Bottom-Interacting Ocean Acoustics, La Spezia, 1980. Bottom-interacting ocean acoustics. (NATO conference series: IV, Marine sciences; v. 5) "Proceedings of the NATO Conference ... held at the NATO SACLANT ASW Re search Centre, La Spezia, Italy, June 9-12,1980." Includes indexes. 1. Underwater acoustics-Congresses. 2. Ocean bottom-Congresses. I. Kuperman, William A. 11. Jensen, Finn Brunn. 111. Title. IV. Series. QC242.N37 1980 551.46'01 80-24616 ISBN 978-1-4684-9053-4 ISBN 978-1-4684-9051-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-9051-0 Proceedings of a conference on Bottom-Interacting Ocean Acoustics held June 9-12, 1980, at the NATO SACLANT ASW Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy. © 1980 Plenum Press, New Y ork Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1980 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher P R E F ACE This book contains the complete proceedings of a conference held at the NATO SACLANT ASW Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy on 9-12 June, 1980. The Centre has traditionally organized many conferences in the field of marine physics and has published the proceedings in its own series of Conference Proceedings. For the present conference the NATO Scientific Affairs Division has kindly agreed to allow the proceedings to be published in their NATO Conference Series, even though the conference was sponsored by SACLANTCEN and not by the Scientific Affairs Division. In re cent years bottom-interacting ocean acoustics has become a research area of intensely increasing interest. This research area can be broken down into two basic fields: research using acoustics to probe the ocean bot tom and research aimed at determining how the ocean bottom affects sound propagation in the ocean. Obviously, much of the information obtained in either of the two fields is of interest to researchers in both fields. It was therefore the intent of this conference to assemble as much state-of-the-art information as possible from both fields so as to stimulate further research in this area. In order to accomplish this, we originally called for papers in the following traditional fields: .Coastal-water acoustics .Low-frequency deep-water acoustics involving bottom interaction .Acoustic properties of marine sediments .Ocean seismic studies as related to ocean acoustics .Signal-processing techniques that include the effects of bot tom interaction For the conference and the present proceedings we decided to re-categorize the papers as folIows: .Geoacoustic properties of marine sediments .Bottom loss: reflection and refraction .Bottom-interface and seismic-wave propagation .Acoustic modelling .Sound propagation: techniques and experiment vs theory .Fluctuations, coherence and signal processing v vi PREFACE These categories seem to represent the basic breakdown by field of present-day research in this area. Though each paper has been classified into one of these categories (for conference organization purpose), many papers overlapped two or three areas. It is also interesting to note that not only are scientific results being communicated, but the latest techniques and the state-of-the-art tools of the trade (existing and in development) are also being presented. The forty-six papers presented at this conference represent the work of seventy scientists working at universities, government laboratories, and industrial laboratories in seven different countries . We would like to thank the contributors for their efforts and especially for their promptness in providing the editors with their final manuscripts. William A. Kuperman Finn B. Jensen La Spezia, Italy July 1980 CONTENTS GEOACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF MARINE SEDIMENTS Attenuation of Sound in Marine Sediments . • 1 J.M. Hovem Directivity and Radiation Impedance of a Transducer Embedded in a Lossy Medium . •• •••••• 15 G.H. Ziehm Elastic Properties Related to Depth of Burial, Strontium Content and Age, and Diagenetic Stage in Pelagic Carbonate Sediments . . • • . • • • . 41 M.H. Manghnani, S.O. Schianger, and P.D. Milholland Application of Geophysical Methods 'and Equipment to Explore the Sea Bottom . •• •••.• 53 H.F. Weichart The Acoustic Response of Some Gas-Charged Sediments in the Northern Adriatic Sea • • • • . • • • • 73 A. Stefanon Simultaneous Application of Reflection Strength Recorder, Sidescan Sonar and Sub-Bottom Profiler in Sea-Floor Sediment Mapping 85 K. Winn, F.C. Kögler, and F. Werner Results and Methods Used to Determine the Acoustic Properties of the Southeast Asian Margins 99 R.E. Houtz Circular Structures Observed in the Deep Sea by the Swathmap Long-Range Sidescan Sonar 111 J.E. Andrews and P. Humphrey vii viii CONTENTS BOTTOM LOSS: REFLECTION AND REFRACTION A Perspective on Bottom Reflectivity and 119 Backscattering . . . . . . . . J.J. Hanrahan Some Bottom-Reflection Loss Anomalies Near Grazing and their Effect on Propagation in Shallow Water 135 O.F. Hastrup Determination of Sediment Sound Speed Profiles Using Caustic Range Information . . . . 153 G.V. Frisk Inference of Geo-Acoustic Parameters from Bottom- Loss Data . . . . 159 C. W. Spofford Attenuation Estimates from High Resolution Sub Bottom Profiler Echoes . . . . 173 D.J. Dodds Low Frequency Bottom Reflectivity Measurements ~n the Tufts Abyssal Plain . . . . . 193 N.R. Chapman Resonances in Acoustic Bottom Reflection and their Relation to the Ocean Bottom Properties 209 W.R. Hoover, A. Nagl, and H. liberall Comparison of Synthetic and Experimental Bottom Interactive Waveforms . . . . 225 F.R. DiNapoli, D. Potter, and P. Herstein Reflection and Refraction of Parametrically Generated Sound at a Water-Sediment Interface 239 J.N. Tj~tta and S. Tj~tta Transmission of a Narrow Beam of Sound across the Boundary between two Fluids 259 H.O. Berktay and A.H.A. Moustafa CONTENTS ix BOTTOM-INTERFACE AND SEISMIC-WAVE PROPAGATION Experimental Determination of Properties of the Scholte Wave in the Bottom of the North Sea 285 F. Schirmer Model Computations for Low-Velocity Surface Waves on Marine Sediments . . . . . . . . . 299 H.H. Essen Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Seismic Interface Waves in Coastal Waters . . . . 307 D. Rauch Ambient and Ship-Induced Low-Frequency Noise in Shallow Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 B. Schmalfeldt and D. Rauch Dispersion of One-Second Rayleigh Modes through Oceanic Sediments Following Shallow Earth quakes in the South-Central Pacific Ocean Basin . . . . . . . . . 345 E.A. Okal and J. Talandier Velocity Spectral Estimates from the Arrays of the ROSE Program . . . . . . . . 359 A.B. Baggeroer ACOUSTIC MODELLING Bottom Interaction Represented by Impedance Conditions in Normal-Mode Calculations 377 D.F. Gordon and D. White Cycle Distance in Guided Propagation 393 D.E. Weston Computations of Averaged Sound-Propagation Losses and Frequency/Space Coherence Functions in Shallow Waters . . . . . . • . . • . 399 R. Laval and Y. Labasque Initial Data for the Parabolic Equation 417 D.H. Wood and J.S. Papadakis The Seamount as a.piffracting Body 421 H. Medwin and R.P. Spaulding, Jr. x CONTENTS Propagation of Sound from a Fluid Wedge into a Fast Fluid Bottom • • • . • • . • • . 439 A.B. Coppens and J.V. Sanders Range-Dependent Bottom-Limited Propagation Modelling with the Parabolic Equation 451 F.B. Jensen and W.A. Kuperman SOUND PROPAGATION: TECHNIQUES AND EXPERIMENT VS THEORY A Low-Frequency Parametric Research Tool for Ocean Acoustics . . . . • 467 T.G. Muir, L.A. Thompson, L.R. Cox, and H.G. Frey Transmission Loss Variability 1n Shallow Water . . • . . .• 485 J.E. Allen Influence of Semiconsolidated Sediments on Sound Propagation in a Coastal Region 493 S.T. McDaniel and J.H. Beebe Geoacoustic Models of the Seabed to Support Range Dependent Propagation Studies on the Scotian Shelf ..•......•.•.. 507 J.H. Beebe and S.T. McDanie1 Propagation Loss Modelling on the Scotian Shelf: the Geo-Acoustic Model . . . . . . • . • • 525 D.M.F. Chapman and D.D. Ellis Propagation Loss Modelling on the Scotian Shelf: Comparison of Model Predictions with Measurements . . • . . . • . . . • . 541 D.D. Ellis and D.M.F. Chapman Sea Floor Effects on Shallow-Water Acoustic Propagation ..•....•••.. 557 T. Akal Broadband Model/Data Comparisons for Acoustic Propagation in Coastal Waters .••• 577 M.C. Ferla, G. Dreini, F.B. Jensen, and W.A. Kuperman Computer Model Predictions of Ocean Basin Rever beration for Large Underwater Explosions • 593 J.A. Goertner
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