Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths

174 Pages·1987·9.74 MB·English

by  Lewis Roberts Binford

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Tothe memory ofDavid L.Clarke
Crushcr,gnawrr,lli~."'(l'r,and <"<llll'e1'" ofOll11l's.Na/w'{',
1970,227:1111 R'"JlTinlcdhy pcnuissionf'romNI//u!"e
Copyril(111 1970 M"llllill,1ll.11\\111I,lIsIimin-d
Itisthe duty 01fheorefical hypothesislooulrunfoct
soIhalspeculcuono'erlecpsIhepresentinformation
COI'YMI(;IIT© 1'JK1,IlYA("111MI( I'Mlss, INI stcteond pomtsthewoy,lhencarefulaccumulotion
AH.RIUII"I!Ó1\1!ó1)(VJ11. 01lesteddata will revise the vchdityofthe
NO l'ART01'TllISl'lIIllICAlIONMAYtll.JUl'IIOHI'111>""
TIIANSMn-IHlINANY"ollMOIlIlYANYMIANS,111[Il<oNII theoretioo! posltton,which moy then lecp ohead
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ACADEMIC PRESS,INe.
Orlando,Florida32881
UlÚtedKin,do,"Edillonpllbli,lIldl1y
ACADEMIC PRESS, INe. (LONDON) LTD.
:una()Ya! Roacl,LoadonNWI mx
L1braryofConlrusCtt¡lo¡lnlinPublicadonDat¡
Binford,LewlsRoberts, üata.
Bones: anclentroenandmodernmyths.
(StudlesInuehaeology)
Blblloguphy: p.
tncrueesindexo
1. Humansketetcn. 2. Animalremstns(Arehoteology)
3. Anthropometry. 4. Fcrens¡costeotcgv. S. eones.
1.Tille. 11. Series.
GN70.B53 930.10285 81·1776
ISBN0-12-100035-4
ISBN0-12-100036-2 (Paperbaek)
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Contents
Foreword x¡
Preface xv
AcknowJedgments xvñ
List ofFigures and TabJes xxi
Abbreviations xxvii
Part 1
Documenting a
Iong-term archaeologicaI problem:
Concepts and observations
1
Chapter 1
Relics lo artifacls and monumenls lo assemblages:
Changing conceplual frameworks 3
The Relicand MonumentPhase 4
The Artifacl and AssemblegePhase 6
Chapter 2
Middle-rangeresearchandIherole ofactualisticsludies 21
The Paradigm-c-One'sCuideloDescriblngthe World 23
Theory-One'sGuide loExplaining the World 25
vil
. J:!r'
~
viii Contenls Contenta ix
Part JI
Chapter 5
Middle-range research Assemblage composition: Patterns of association
In search of methodology 31 slemming from the behavior of man
versus that of beasl 183
NewWorld Beginnings-Manasthe Agent 184
AírtcenProblemsend AssemblageComposltlon 189
Chapter 3
OtherTypes ofAssemblageVariability 195
Pallerns of bone modifications StudiesofAssemblegeCompositíonCeused byBeests 196
produced by nonbuman agents 35 ObservenonsofWolves and TherrBehevíor 197
Informationon Latr Hehavior 202
PreviousApproachesloUnderstendtngthe Significance tnformettonon Kili Behavinr and Comparísons 207
ofBrokenand Modified Bone 37 Control CollectionsofAnimal-StructuredAssemhlages 210
Skeletel Disarticuiation 42 Summary 237
ToothMerks 44
OthersourcesofSurficialModificalionsunBone 49
Part III
BoneBreakage and OestruetionbyAnimals 51
ModificationsbyAnalomicalPart 60 Putting our knowledge to work:
BreakageUnrelatecl toConsumption:Tramplingand Bone
Manipulatioo 77 Seeking to know the past 243
BoneModtñcatíonsend Methodology 81
Chapter 6
Chapter 4 Applicalion: Anew look al Olduvai Gorge 249
Human modes ofbone mediñcation 87 Olduva¡Gorge, aChallengetoOur Methods 253
AnalysisofOlduvai Fauna 256
PreviousApproechestuUnderstanding Broken and Modified Bone 88 Bvaluaüng rheDegreeofDestructionSuffered bythe Olduva¡
The Control Dala 90 Assembleges 261
DtsmemberíngStrategy 91 AssemblageComposltton-cOlduvaíGorge 262
Butchering Marks 96 Surnmary 278
Cut Marks:TheirForroand Placemenl00SpecificBones 105
Chopptng.BoneBreakage and ButcheringTechniques 142
Chapter 7
Gnawingby Humans 147
Martow-BoneBreakage 148 General conclusíons 287
Control Colleetions 163
Breakaga Related inOtherForms ofBoneProcesstng 166
Man-to-Man Compansons.orAlternativeHuman Behavtors 166
Comparing Manand Beest 169
MorphologyofBorreBreakege 171 Rejerences 297
Summary 177 Index 311
,
Foreword
Lewis Binford is probebly the mosl influential Kie¡n. J. A.Maguire,G.Haniand assoctates.forin
and sttmulatíve ercheeologtst in recen! years. in alance]. Aset ofanalytícal procedureshas been de
respeel lo hís insistence on hypothesis testlng and vísed Ihat seems to afford measures ofa variety of
theory building. Thie book is acontinuetícn oftha dífferencesbetween (nonhuman)marnmal osteolog
best ofhis previous methodological work and will, lealassemblagesinregard tocomposilionofunitary
wíthout doubt. once agaln redtrect archaeological and fragmented body parte. and theír respective
and paleoanthropological researches in importanl conditionand preservation.
and115efu1waya. Ultimately Binford is ccncemed "with the de
Asalways Binford has set Bgrand tesk for him velopmentofdlagnostlcproceduresforrecognízing
selt. and here hehas madeamajor posítíveefforllo oridentifyingthe agentswhichmighthave beenre
edvencernethod and theory inregard losevera!as sponsibleforthefaunal factspreserveninanancíent
pects oíhumanversusanimalsubsistencebehevtors depoeít."1beltevehehasmadesubstantivemethod
and thetrattendentrestdues. From híaobservetíons ologtcalcontrtbutíonsapproprtatetowardresolution
Oh Alaskan Eskimo butchery and meat-processtng ofthts verycomplexsetofproblema.Theseínclude:
procedures, end his analytical observertonson wolf
kills and theír letrs. he has recogntzed a series of • the recogntuon and differentiation of animal
distinctive [vdiagnostic"] patterns uniquely com (carnivore) and human procedures (behaviors) in
mon toeachsetofcircumstances.This buildsonthe carcessdísmembermentand perttttoning
earlierwork ofBinfordand 8ertram and ofBlnlord • the eJuddation and descrlption of pettems of
(Nunomiut Ethnoorchoeology), but extends and bonebreakageand explicationofdegrees ofdestruc
amplifies thal work very substantíally. An íncrees tion ("ravaging")bycamivores(particularly,butnot
ingly approprtete corpus of comperettve data ís exclustvelvcanids)
beíngeíforded byethnoarchaeologfoalstudtesinAf • thethoroughinventoryand systematicdescnp
rica [Icrexample,by1.vellen.D.Gifford.D.Crader), non of the disposition and cberecter ot traces on
byvarioustephonomtcsludies(forexample.byA.K. bones resultíng from human-skinning, butchering,
Behrensmeyer,A.nm.P,Shipmanand assocíatesj. and meat-processingpractices
and by various studtee of camtvore (parlicularly • thedevelopmentofanalyticalprocedures(mea
byaena den) accumulations (by A. Sutclíffe. R. G. sures¡ for ascertainíng the [expected versus actual]
xl
,
..
A"
xii forewurd forewurd xiii
composttíon of various borre assemblages (drawn tematicallyforbreekegepattems.forsurvivorshipof llcizedsitesascurrentlyanalyzedcarryHUlespecific and AmbronaincentralSpain.It ísworthmention
from assemblegesofknownderivalion) through Ihe skeletalpartsper individual,oceven collectivelyfor intormation about hominid behavíor." He belteves ing that when those sttes were ínittally excavaled
employmentoCsevera)dtegnosttcíndicesofthe fre aparticulartexon: and "cut marks"asevidencefor thal "arguments about base carnps, hominid hunt (1961-1963), initially under my direction and sub
quenciesofbody perts,completeorinvariousstages butchery-dísmemberment have nol been reoorded. ing,sharingoffood,etc.arecerlainlyprematureand sequently joinlly with L. G. Freeman, no one was
oífragmentationldestruction Maps of spalial dtstrtbuttons ofsuch bone-ertñact most likely wildly ínaccurate." This pretty strong concemedwith boneassemblagesinany oftheways
concentratíonshavebeen publíshed.but the record statement ts probably argueble. However. he does whichhavebecomemorecommonplace10-15years
Binford has esserted. largely justifiably, thet ingofparticularlaxaand body partsdono!enablea accepl as demonstreted "homtnld scavenging 10fJ hence (in facl the Leakey's becameconcerned with
archaeologists~paleoanthropologisls have been un linkage lo be effecled betwcen theso dislribulions Ihekillsanddeathsttes ofotherpredatorscavengers suchmattersonlyinIhelate19605asaconsequence
dulycavelíerin theírtreatmentofbcneassembleges and Ihefaunal inventaries. for abandoned analomical partsoflow food uulíty. of the extensíve excavetíon program et Olduvet
Ingeneral,andconjoíntarlifact-boneassemblagesin The difficulty (and hence limitations) of the primarily forpurpnsesofextrecttngbonemarrow." Gorge). Unforlunalely,andforseverel complexrea
particular.Heinsiststhet"cleímefortheuseoflools faunalsumrnaryin the Olduvo¡Gorge,Volume3.is Thls conclusion, iffurthersubstantíated, is itse!fof sons. thosefaunal collectíonsfromIheSpantshsttes
should besupported by Ihe cítetíon ef marks pro thal the overall frequencies of body parts for large mejorsignifieaneeforunderstandingIhedielaryand were neverfully analyzed,beyondtexonomíciden
duced by100Is." Although there are sorne notable mammalspecíesare summarized (p.276),bu!there behavíoral adjuslmenls of Plin-Pleístocene homi tíñcetíon.and Ihus fracturepatterns.cut marks.and
exceptions in erchaeologícal OCCUITences of late isnofull breakdownofbody perta, oran indication nids. Recenlstudíesofboneassembleges,witharti delails of dismembermenl and butcherv were only
Pleístocene ege {fcrexarnple, Plncevent}, and even ofIheir preservallon for individual laxa. (However, faclassocíatíons.fromKooblFora (byH.Bunn) and superficiallyrecordedinthe fleld.Thesefaunalcol
in Mousterianoccupations Iforexample,LaQuina). A.W.andA.Genlry[GeoJogy,BulletinoftheBritish fram OlduvaiGorge (byR.PolIsandH.Bunn) now leotíonsare now relocaledand incourseofdetatled
ltlsnotunreasonableforBinford totekethisstence. Museum ofNaturol History, 29(4) and 30(1), 1978] promiselodocumentindetaílthenalureandextent study.Renewedexcavation(in1980)alIheAmbrona
One can onlyapplaudthevlew thet progress isnol have provided relatívely fuIl, but still íncomplete of hominid butchery practices evidenced al these localityhasrevealedan abundanceofevídencerele
"rnede through diseoveries. .whieh are treated as body part dala Forthe Bovidae,and thesedala often earHer Pleistocene sltes. These researches also do vant lo butchery, dismembermenl, end bonebreak
self-evident In thelr meanlng," and thal "basie re do nol malchthal tabulaled in Olduvai Gorga, Vol confirm the complexily of formalion processes for age,aswell ashumanmanipulalionand fashioning
search makes possible Ihe reliable asslgnment of ume3.)MoreoverIhelimb sideisneverstaled,and particularhominid "occupationsituations,"asBin ofboneandivory. SedimentaryprocessesatIbis site
meaningtoobservations." ltilOagaio loIhepolotlo thosedala are critical lo the realilOtic calculation of foedhas concluded. aremore adequalelyundersloodthanbefore, butthe
insist Ihal Ihe developmenl aod telOting of"mlddle MNlvalues. There has been, and is In progress, a variely of silualionisanunusualone (forEurope)andIhere is
rangeIheory" iscriticalloIherealizationofascien research Ihat should provlde substantive dala rele slill muchlodo.
tific sludyofIhe humaneareer.It ls,unfortunalely, MaryLeakeyearlyrecognized,and on several oc vanl lo Ihe resolulion of many issues abou! which There is. in fac!. a diveesity of research com
also true Ihat Ibere is substantial "mylhology" in casions has stressed, the several sedimenlary envi Binfordhasexpressedhis profoundskeplicism.Sev pleled,and presumablyincouese ofpubHcation, or
paleoanthropology,even "modern"paleoanlhropol ronments wilhln which Ihese various occurrences eral monographs(underIheeditorshlpofJ.-K.Woo) now inprogress,whichaddressesIhedeficienciesin
ogy. Hopefully. Binford's posilion and efforts will are situated,and has also directedattenlionloIheir onIheHornoerectus localityofChoukoulien1arein paleoanlhropologicalsludieswithwhlch Binford is
ultimalely provoke others to develop and advance slateofinlaetnessorexlenlofdlsturbance.Thus,she preparation and should afford, al lasl, relevanl de so inlensely---and rightly so--concemed. These
melhodology appropriale lo Ihe resolution ofwhat distinguished"livingf1oors"{Iargelyinlaclhominid lailed dala on those bone assemblages, and rangefromtheUpperPaleolithicofIheU.S.S.R.(and
areclearlyreal problems inaproperunderstanding occupatioo occurrences), possible {hominid) kili hopefully-theexlentlowhichIheyreflecl activities weslern Europe), Ihe so-called "M.S.A." ofeaslero
ofIhe pasL Noone familiarwithIhe slate ofIhe art sites, channel fills, and "diffuse" occurrences. Bin ofcarnivores, earlyhumans,orolheragencies,ora and soulhernAfrica,theMouslerianofmanypartsof
would deny Ihat there is sliIJ mueh to be leamed ford's analyseshavebeen direcledlowardIheeluci combinalionofmanyfacloes, al Ihal importanlsite. Europe and weslern Asia, the AcheuHan (and lis
when (and 10 there is subslantive progress in the dallonofIhenatureand exlenttowhichadiversily Claims havealreadybeen made(byP.Shipmanand facies) of caves in soulhweslern Europe, and cave
development of melhodology and analytical proee of nalural as opposed to (or in conjunction with) associales) thal a distlnclive Theropilhecus and open-airoccurrencesinEurope whichmayoit is
dures. hominidfaclors mayhavebeen responslbleforIhese owaJdi-richoccurrenceallheOlorgesailielocalily Ihoughtbysorne, testifyloIhe Initialoccupationof
BinfordhassoughltoanalyzeOlduvaifaunal as accumulations.Hehasbeenconcernedwllhdiscero refleclsan unusual form ofhominid predalion (de Europebyhominlds.Ineach and all inslancesIhese
semblages,mostlyfromreputedhominidoecupation ing eventsand formation processes,and Ihus InIhe spileIheapparenlabsenceofbutr.heryIraces!)ralher researcheswillgainsubslantiallyfromIheanalytical
places,on the basis ofpublishedaccounlsprovided degree of resolution afforded by occurrences rela· Ihan sorne olher natural calaslraphe. A delailed procedures developed in Lewis Binford's provoca·
byMaryLeakeyInOlduvaiGorge,Volume3(1971). tive, Inpart,loIhelrinlegrity.BinfordcondudesIhal studyofIhlsand olherboneassemblagesiscurrenlly live and stimulatingbook.
Hisanalysesareboldand imaginative,andtheresull adiversityofagencieswere probablyresponsiblefor beingunderlaken byChrislopherKoch.
provocativeIntheexlreme.However,are hislOweep IheslaleofIheseoccurrences.Hehasdisceroedvari~ Binford offers sorne pilhy commenls relativc lo F.CLARKHOWEl.L
ing conclusions justifiableand realistic? There are ous pattems and degrees of bone destruction (and ourown workalIheAcheulianlocaliliesofTorraIba UniversilyofCali(ornia,Berkeley
subslantive problems concerning Ihis corpus of preservatlon), and employing faclor analysls has
faunal material; henceIhere are problems concern soughl fo clemonslrate resemblances with modero
ing Binford's efforts al analysis, most ofwhich he analogues, and thereby lo infer the role ofvarious
reeognlzes. HereloforeIhese alOsemblagesofanimal agenciesin producingIhevariousaccumulations.
resldueshave no!been studiedand inventoriedsys- Binford eondudes Ihal "Ihe large. highly pub-
•
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Preface
This book developed from en eructe started in ofLondonlHilI1975).Hill'sthestscontaineddalaon
)anuary 1979. Ihad made observations on wolfbe assemblage compostuon for animal kili and death
havior while conducting ethnographíc research sítesinAfricansetttngs.Now1had comparattverne
among the Nunamiut Esktmo of North Central lerialínrviewingmydalainabroadercontext.Iwas
Alaska. 1though that rny obeervetíons might be oí fascinated todtecoverIhal~blage'~·
sornevaluetothose engeged in taphonomicstudíes. tion of remaíns al wolf km sites in nonh'Cent1'al
As1seerchedIheliteratureforsornecomparatíve Alaska was essentiallytbe sameasthecomposilion
material onassemblegecomposilion,1reelteed that ofassemblages from animalsofcomparableSiZ6 in
my data ondenso bone hreakage, and psttemsofat Africa, where the predators were unknown endror
tnuon were untque.and Iha!therewas morelosay variable and the prey-centelopes and equids-so
than ortgtnally planned. The peper wes then ex verydifferenlfrom the certbou ofAlaska.1began to
panded loashortbook.inwhich1descrtbedbutch work up tha assemblage composition comparísons
ertng and butcheríngrnarks.and competed marrow betweenHiIl'sdalaandrnyown, inIheprocessgatn
cracking85 performedby man andbyanimals.1ex ing a new eppreclatton for meny ofthe facts and
pended my llterature coverage IDdeal with Dert'e thetr lmplícatíons
erguments, read the Iascinattng líterarure treating As l worked on the kili dala. 1 íncreestngly
Choukoutten,anddelved into IheGermanluerature wishedforsorneoompereuvedenmaterial.ltwasal
that clearly foresbadowed the "osteodontckerauc" thíspoint thet Richard KIeinarrived inAlbuquerque
argumenta ofboth Breuil and Dart.As1treated the to deliver several lectures. He had prevíously sent
problema uf pseudotools. butchering petterns as meoffprints ofmany ofhis articles treating Ieunel
manifesl in bone modification,and Ceorge Fnson's assemblages from South Arrica. NaturalIy when he
erguments abcut muscle stnopíng. Ialso begen lo was here we had sorneintenseconversattonsebout
envísion sume Interesting conctustons stemmtng feunalassemblages.Richardrespondedtomymoan
from mydataand researcb.Theseconclusionswere íngand groanlng regardlngthe lackofdala 00 ani
nolrelated loIhecompostuonofwolfkillsanddens. mal densoHehad dug one!Hepromisedtosend me
which now seemed pcrtpheral lo the !hrust ofthe anoffprintofhisreportonhisrelurnloChicago.The
"smflll tc(:hnical book" developed Ihus far. Then day ilarrived was fullofexcitementforme,since1
DianeGiffordlenl mehercopyofAndrewHill's im had already formed sorne ideas as lo whal a den
portAn! doctoral fhesis, submilleci tothe llninrsíly should look [ikebased on Ihe kili sife assemblag.e.s
..&"-
xvi Peercce
and the bints1hed from my Alesken material. On 1hadcompletedthebookupthroughtheñrsthalf
.Inspectíng hts data. 1realizad thet Ihe assemblage oftheOlduva¡chapterwhenJimHilIand JanOrcutt
had suffered heevy atlrilion,and Ihal what tbe sur visited me. They were conducling multivariate
vivingbones gave me was mora areñecüon ofIhe analyseeofsettlementdata at IheUniversityofNew
reletíveslrengthofthe anatomícelpert retherthana Mexicocomputercenter.Janhadanoperatíonalpro
clear pícture oftbe parls transponed byanimalsto gramforcarrying oul factor analys¡s.1pul together
theír denso Could 1 reconstruct the original as the Olduvai dala and Jan made severa! runs ustng
semblageusingthelechniquesdevelopedearlferfor differentessumpttons.The fascinaling result.which
understandlng attntion? (See L. R.8inford and J. inmyopiníon did isolatepaltenedcnnsequencesof Acknowledgments
B.8ertram 1977.)Aswl1lbeseen. 1was successful. homlníd behevíor. was totally unexpected. Con
and the correspondencebelween the resultand the sequentlyIhewrltingofthe lasthalf ofthe Olduvai
data from Ihe kills was remarkable. Wilh this test chapterand the conclusions was sheer excilement,
comparativecomponentinplacetherewasakind of rather than the normal labor of finishing a book
closure and a general methodology seen outlined. whose"outcome''has been knownIorsorne time.
Clearlywhatwasneeded.wasanapplication!rchose The writingofthis bookhas been an inlellectual
loimplementmyapproachon the importanlfaunal adventure,withseveral importan!turningpotnts.as
materialsfrom OlduvaíGorge. 1had playedaround has been indicated. 1arn convlnced that a basic
earlier with sorne of the models developed In my methodologyhas been outlinedand thatfindings of
Nunamiutstudy(L.R.Blnford197Bb]and foundthat importance have resulted. The methodolcgy Is nol
thereeppeeredtobesorne"fits"betweenmymodels "oleen."and much moretntormatíonregardingboth
and the actual faunal data. My írnpressíon at thet kills and animaltransport offauna ís needed, as is In many cases acknowledgments are a kind of out lomemyfirstexamplesofwolfkiJIsand enum
time, however, was that all the variabillty in the much better conlrol on the anatomical facts ofbone formal recitation ofnormal relationshíps. in which erated all the charactensticsthat led him to dist¡n
Olduvai matertals was probably referable lo densily or hardness so importan! to reconstructtng an author thanks the typist, the photographer, ac guíshawolfkillfromenemadebyhisfellowhuntere.
nonhormníd behevíor. That ís. the fauna was back assemblages Irorn survlvíng elements. 1hope that knowledges formar teechers for ínsptretíon, end While1W85workingalAnaktuvuk.BohStephen
ground natural logeologtcel deposite InÁfr-ica, de olhers will be motivaled to join in the research closes by acknowledging a spouse for putting up son of the Alaskan Departmant of Fish and Game
riving from theconlinuousaclion ofpredators and needed lo move from lhis outlinetoarobust set of with the lensionsofwriting.This format isgermane began his extraordinary study of wolves and Ihe
prey as well as natural deaths in soch afauna-rich melhods for giving meaning lo the facts ofthe ar· lo my situation, bul Ihere is in addition acompli. Nunamiut knowledge of wolves. This stimulated
environment. chaeological record. caledsetofintellectualandlechnicaldebtsIhatmust considerable interesl snd discussion of wolves
beacknowledged asexlraordinary in Ihe wriling of amoog the Nunamiul hunters with whom1was as
Ihis book. sociated,and inturo Iwasthebeneficiary.1ampar·
Wilh regard to my experience wilh wo!ves and ticularly indebted to David Mekiana, who became
Ihe dala coJlecled,1owe aver)'special deblloIwo in/erested largely through slimulalion fram lustice
men whocontinually prodded me iolo recognizing Mekiana, who was working closely with 8ab
thal sorneofmyassumptionswere perhapsnol war Slephenson.Davidwent outafhiswayto¡nformme
ranted in workinR with Ihe tundra fauna ofBrooks ofevidenceofwolf behavior.
RangeAlaska. One wasSimonPaneack. whoplayed Although the collectionofwolf data was largely
skepticwith meas 1asked him queslionsabout the my project done In conjunction wlth elhnographic
fauna] materialsmycrews wererefilularlyre¡;overing work, two members of my crew, Dan and Allison
durmgtheBeldseasonsbetween 1969and 1973.For Witter, were unliring in Iheir ¡nterest Infauna and
inslance, if I described a coileclion made or field did the nasty ¡obofcolleclingbones fram one ofthe
observalions recorded 00 fauna fram a parlicular majar dog yards al Anakluvuk. Dan developed the
pla¡;e,Simon wouldsmileand say,"Howyouknaw first stages of the ciassification af destruction and
it's nol lndians or wolves?" Hesaid Ihal lo me so madification presented in Ihis book. He also oro
manytimesIhallbegan altemptinglofind out what ganized and recorded the marrow·cracking experi
wolves "Iooked like" when viewed from Ihe ment, which serve as imporlant contrals on the
perspectiveoffauna. 1tried lodothe same lhingfor tool-assisled breakage patterns described here. It is
"Indians" hui was nol successful. The second man one ofmymajorregrAtf¡IhatDancould nolcontinue
was lohnny Rulland, who in hisquiel way pointed working on thA Alaskan malerials wilh me, bul
xvii
..
Jir.'
xviii Acknowledgmenls Acknowlerígmenrs xtx
academicconsíderetíonsaswellasa[obinAustralia JamesFinley ofthe biology department here in AI tbe weaknesses and points that needad clarifica reíned carne from the National Science Foundatíon
led him innew directionsbefarethis workonfauna buquerque also helped out with sorne translation tton.lam very grateful. and the Wenner-GrenFoundationlarAnthropologl
'ctmldbeundertakenfromtheanalyñcalperspectiva. when my nwn sktlls failed. Iean-Philippe Rigaud Funding for the fieldwork during the course of calResearch.To these agencies,1ammostgrateful.
Anumberofpeoplehavebeen importantincon duplicaled Iwo Important manuscrtpts unevetlable which the dala on Alaskan wolf behavíor was ob-
ditioningthe charecteroftbefinal formofthis man in Albuquerque, and euggested severa! otber refer
uscript. AHof the drafted graphs end charts were ences. LawrenceStraus helped bysolving the mys
drawn byDana Anderson. who never failed lopro teryofsevera]Frenchidioma, andhegraciouslylent
duce the exacl iIlustration Ihad inminrl.The tllus mesorneInterestíngend rarearticlesfromthe early
trations of bones used in demonstretíng the cut French Iiterature. F. Clerk Howell c!arified several
marks(Figures4.06,4.11.4.16,4.20-4.22,4.25-4.32. pointsfor meregardtngTorralba and Ambronaand
4.36-4.39,4.48,and 4.53) werealldrawnfromactual sent me literatura as a further aid. James ludge
specimens by [udith Browne ofAlbuquerque. ludy helped eonsiderably in tracking clown sorne ofthe
has made a meter contnbutton to the utility and literaturetreatingearly man inthe NewWorld.
quelítyofthis bcok. Intellectual slimulation and ínspíration during
Mosl of the photographs of bone breakege and the courseofwriting thts bookcarne basicallyfrom
modtñcatíon werelaken bymydaughter.Martha R. longtelephonecnnversationswithDianeGifford,in
Binford. and James Moore.These photogrephs are tenseconversatton with Richard Kle¡n.and general
crucial lo the types ofcomparative argumente that díscusstone of the problem wlth Bob víerra. Iohn
maka up mueh ofthedismembermentand breakage Pfeiffer,and StanleySouth. Tothose good friends,1
chepters.Marthaand Itmspenllonghours propptng amsineerelygrateful.
up scales. adjusting llghtíng angles. building sup Severel typtsts were involved in the preparation
ports forspecimensout ofall kindsofIhings sothe ofthís menuscrtpt. Lisa Edelhoffaga¡n treated my
engle would be right or the alignment between rough draft with gentleand considérateskill. Fred
spectmenandseale wouldbeunthesame plane.For dieHeight.Marilyn Daily,RuthStewart.and Louise
this Investment and the fine pietures that resulted McGuffelso prepared major sections of the rnenu
(Figures 3.02,3.10-3.16,3.18.3.20-3.30,3.32,3.33, script. Their commitment to a good job ís greatly
3.40-3.45, 3.51-3.53, 4.50, 4.56, 4.57), I am most appredaled.
grateful.AflerIheinitial "spree" ofpicturetakinghy Arough draft ofthe manuscriplwascritiquedby
Martha and lim. rkept diseovering otber subjects six highlyqualified readers: George C.Frison ofIhe
that needed ilIuslralion and Martha took all the UniversílyofWyoming,DianeGiffordoftheUniver
additional pholographs unassisled {Figures 3.01, sily ofCalifornia,SanlaCruz.f.CJarkHowell ofthe
3.03, 3.05-3.09. 3.17, 3.19, 3.31, 3.34-3.39, 3.46 UniversityofCalifornia.Berkeley.RichardE.Morlan
3.50,4.14,4.18.4.20,4.241· of the Archaeological Survey ofCanada, Timothy
Anumberofpeopleeontributedpholographsthat WhileoftheUniversityofCalifornia,8erkeley,and a
(hey had taken and I requested. This assistance is final unidentified reviewerobviously wilh interests
acknowledgedinthefollowinglist:RoberlStephen in the New World. These reviewers provided me
son, E'igures5.01,5.03,5.04,5.11:JamesO·Connell. with atruly impressiveboclyofcriticism,thal made
E'igure4.43:Jean-PhilippeRigaud,E'igure4,07.4.10, it possible far me to clear up numerous vague or
4.15,4.16,and 4.41. misleadingparts ofthemanuscript.Theirresponses
Throughsuggestionsand actual research,several forcedmetolookagaio atthemannerand substance
pImple have helped me cover sorne of Ihe foreign ofmytrealmenlofothers'dalaorideas.Inadelition. I
language Iileralure. Miehael Jochim responded lo haveadded(Iargely innotes)numerausvolunteered
one oímycries forhelp by~upplyinBcopiesofarti pieees of informa\ion that have strengthened the
eles from IheGerman literature lha! were not avail presentation r:omdderably. I cannot thank lhese
able in Albuquerque. Furlher"id wilh the German readers enouRh. I hflve never had such a body of
Iiterature was providedby LarryTodcl.astuelent in Ihoughlful.r.onslruclive.amicandidr.ritil":ism.ToIhe
theanlhropologydepartmen!.Inaelrlition,myfriend six who look itseriously aneldjrl lneir hesl tofind
/i
,r
,
List of Figures and Tables
Figures Figure3.16. gxtarnalfaeeofchipped-backbaneshowing
looth scerrlngfrom "slippingclown" thebanewtth the
teeth. 53
Figure3.01. Puncturesmadebyanimalteeth. 45 FigureJ.17. Examplesofchanneledandchipped-back
Figure3.0Z. Animal-producedpittingand punctureson bones commonlyconfusedwith humanworkman
thedistal metapodial. 45 shíp. 54
Figun3.03. Animal-producedextensivelypitted Figure3.18. Roundededgeofgnawedbone. 56
bone. 4fi FigureJ.19. Collepsedcylinderswithdtsttnctive
Figure3.04. Animal-producedpilladand scoredcompael chtpped-backends. 56
bonesurfece. 47 Figure3.20. Long"longttudínally"spllt fragmentawith
Figure3.05. "Compressor"ptttedand seoredbyanimal denüculatedends. 57
teeth. 47 Figure3.21. Groupof"ridge-crtls!removed"f1akestypical
Figure3.06. Compectborrescoredbyenfmalteeth. 48 oranimalgnawíng. 59
Figure3.07. "ArteMobUlar"producedbyacídsincomo Fisure3.22. Pseudotoolsproducedbyanimalschewingal
pectrootrneesesunashoopjawfromtheBearsíte.Anak rtdges. 59
tuvuk Pass. 50 Flsure3.23. Delailofpoin!onapseudotoolshowninFig
Figure3.08. Detallorbone in Figure3.07. 50 ure 3.22. 59
Fillure 3.00. "Cbenneted"beeekageotbones byant Fisure3.Z4. Animel-gnawedcraniumwith attached
mela 52 entlersIcaribou). 61
Figure 3.10. Highlypolishedend ofagnawedborre. 52 Figure3.25. Antmal.gnawedpaletea (caribou) showtng
t'igure3.11. Pifiadand radiallyscarredbone,theresult of dtsñncttvechannelingandcrenuletlonotthlnbone. 61
extensivagnawing. 52 FIsure3.26. Crenretdtscaseommonlyproducedbygnaw
Fillure J.12. "Pressureflaking"onIheend ofagnawed ingcaníds. 62
boneresultingIromchippingheck theedge 5J Figure3.27. lnitlaldeslructlonofsheepmandlbJesbybosh
FigureJ.1J. Extensivelyehtpped-baekedResofgnawed dogs (IowerIwo)and wolves(upperIwo). 62
bcne. 53 Figure3.28. Sequenceufcaríboumandibulardeetructton
"'igure3.14. Chlpped-backfldgesshnwingmtcrodentlcu byboth dogs (Iowertwo¡and wolves(upparfourj. 63
lated effect. 53 Figure3.Z9. Wolfmandible[Iowerspecimen)anddng
Figure 3.15. Externel Iaceofchipped-haekbonashowlng mandibles(upperspecimenldsstroyedbywolves. acrh
oblique toothscarnng 53 sper-imens wererecoveredfrcmwolfdenso 64
ul