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Blueberries : harvesting methods, antioxidant properties and health effects PDF

130 Pages·2016·2.02 MB·English
by  Marsh
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NUTRITION AND DIET RESEARCH PROGRESS B LUEBERRIES H M , ARVESTING ETHODS A P NTIOXIDANT ROPERTIES H E AND EALTH FFECTS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. N D UTRITION AND IET R P ESEARCH ROGRESS Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab. Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the eBooks tab. NUTRITION AND DIET RESEARCH PROGRESS B LUEBERRIES H M , ARVESTING ETHODS A P NTIOXIDANT ROPERTIES H E AND EALTH FFECTS MALCOLM MARSH EDITOR New York Copyright © 2016 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication. Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description. This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com. Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN. For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: [email protected]. NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:27)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:26) (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2016933391 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Blueberries: Market, Cultivars, Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity 1 Paula Becker Pertuzatti, Isidro Hermosín-Gutiérrez and Helena Teixeira Godoy Chapter 2 Bioactive Compounds, Color and Physicochemical Parameters of Blueberries 31 Paula Becker Pertuzatti, Milene Teixeira Barcia, Andressa Carolina Jacques and Rui Carlos Zambiazi Chapter 3 Blueberries: Antioxidant Properties, Health and Innovative Technologies 55 Guillermo Petzold, Jorge Moreno, Pamela Zúñiga, Karla Mella and Patricio Orellana Chapter 4 Blueberry Anti-Inflammatory Effects over Metabolic Diseases Associated with Obesity 71 J. Soto-Covasich, M. Reyes-Farias, A. Ovalle-Marin, C. Parra-Ruiz and D. F. Garcia-Diaz Chapter 5 Blueberry Extracts Protect against Gross Mouse Fetal Defects Induced by Alcohol Toxicity 89 Zach S. Gish, Sharang Penumetsa, Diana J. Valle and Roman J. Miller Index 111 PREFACE According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics, from 1970 to 2011 the world production of blueberries increased approximately 7 times (FAOSTAT, 2012). According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the United States is the world leading producer of blueberries, being the second most produced and commercialized small fruit in the country after strawberry. There are three main groups of blueberries commercialized and produced in the world: the lowbush, the highbush and the Rabbiteye (RASEIRA e ANTUNES, 2004). The high amount of bioactive compounds present in both the pulp and in the peel of the blueberries, makes it a fresh fruit rich in natural antioxidants. This book discusses the harvesting methods, antioxidant properties and health effects of blueberries. Chapter 1 - The production of blueberry in Brazil began at the decade of 80’s and its commercialization during the decade of 90’s of the XXth century. Despite being a new crop in the country, it is observed that each day the fruit has been gaining ground, which led to an increase in the number of producers and cultivars marketed. The growing in blueberry cultivation in Brazil is mainly attributable to the privileged climatic conditions with temperate regions in four states, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná and São Paulo. Thus, the country has production potential over all the year. In addition, another economically important aspect is that Brazilian production of this fruit mainly occurs from December to February, which happens between the harvest seasons in the United States and that of the European Union that are the main consumer centers. The health benefits of blueberries became widely accepted after Prior reported that blueberries had the highest antioxidant capacity of more than forty fruits and vegetables evaluated. In addition, most viii Malcolm Marsh researches have correlated the high antioxidant capacity with the phenolic content in the fruit, especially flavonoids, because these kinds of compounds are the major pigments found in these fruits. Among the phenolic compounds, the blueberries are rich in flavonoids, namely anthocyanins, and flavanols, and hidroxycinamic acids, which are associated in the literature with beneficial health effects due to their ability to act as antioxidants, helping to protect the body against free radicals and thus to avoid various types of cancer. Roopchand et al. observed that the polyphenols present in blueberry may be useful for the dietary management of diabetes, because lowered fasting blood glucose levels, lowered serum cholesterol and reduced weight gain in mice. Studies dealing with blueberries highlighted that, besides the presence of phenolic compounds, other interesting compounds such as carotenoids, tocopherols and ascorbic acid, also are present in this fruit, being sometimes found in high levels. These compounds may also impact on the antioxidant capacity of this fruit, once the antioxidant capacity of carotenoids has been reported in the literature, as well as for tocopherols and ascorbic acid. However, the composition in bioactive compounds of blueberries can be highly variable, depending on cultivar, stage of maturation and harvesting and storage conditions, usually because of its non climacteric nature with regard to their production and responsiveness to ethylene. Therefore, this chapter aimed to discuss about the blueberry producer and consumer market, the importance of blueberry production in Brazil and in the world, which are the cultivars produced in Brazil, in addition to its chemical and bioactive composition and its influence in antioxidant capacity. Chapter 2 - According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics, from 1970 to 2011 the world production of blueberries increased approximately 7 times (FAOSTAT, 2012). According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the United States is the world leading producer of blueberries, being the second most produced and commercialized small fruit in the country after strawberry. There are three main groups of blueberries commercialized and produced in the world: the lowbush, the highbush and the Rabbiteye (RASEIRA e ANTUNES, 2004). The high amount of bioactive compounds present in both the pulp and in the peel of the blueberries, makes it a fresh fruit rich in natural antioxidants. Therefore, the identification and quantification of the major bioactive compounds and some physicochemical parameters in the peel, pulp and entire fruit of six blueberry cultivars belonging to the Rabbiteye group are discussed in this chapter. Phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, color, hydrolyzed and condensed tannins, Preface ix carotenoids and physicochemical analyses were done. There were evaluated Powderblue, Briteblue, Bluebelle, Climax, Delite and Woodard cultivars. The blueberry fruits showed as rich sources of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, besides to have considerable amounts carotenoids and tannins. All phytochemicals analyzed were found at the highest levels in the peels of blueberry cultivars tested. Chapter 3 - Blueberries are a soft and small fruit native to North America with an attractive blue color. In addition, blueberries are very popular because they have low calories, high nutritional value and important antioxidant properties. Blueberries have an interesting content of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant capacity against free radicals and reactive species, such that blueberry consumption may have a potential beneficial effect on human health. Innovative technologies in the food industry are new technologies based to develop more efficient process or products, reduction of energy and water. Innovative technologies, such as freeze concentration, osmotic dehydration and vacuum impregnation at mild temperatures, are considered minimal processing techniques because they preserve the fresh characteristics of fruits such as blueberries. Freeze concentration is an innovative technology for producing a blueberry concentrate juice in a process at low temperatures where no vapor/liquid interface exists. On the other hand, osmotic dehydration and vacuum impregnation of blueberries preserves different valuable attributes of the fruit, providing products with an extended shelf-life. Chapter 4 - Inflammation is a natural defense mechanism triggered as a response to an alteration of the physiological functions in the organism. This process is responsible for the secretion of mediators crucial for tissues repair, integrating different signalling pathways between distinct cells and organs. Likewise, it has been observed that in metabolic diseases some classic mediators present during short-term inflammation are involved, although the features of its actions differ from the classic pathways. Thus it is considered as a subclass of inflammation often referred as meta-inflammation. In the case of obesity for example, this response is exacerbated and, at the long term, a chronic inflammatory state associated with cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes development is established. Since obesity- associated inflammation is known to be a key feature of the etiology of non- communicable diseases, several efforts have been made for identifying novel agents with anti-inflammatory properties capable of ameliorate its negative long-term effects. In this regard, blueberry consumption has been described to induce important health benefits through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant features. Therefore, in the present chapter, the authors will discuss the impact

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