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BIOMIMICRY FOR AEROSPACE This page intentionally left blank BIOMIMICRY FOR AEROSPACE Technologies and Applications Edited by VIKRAM SHYAM Mechanical Engineering University of Akron Akron, OH United States MARJAN EGGERMONT Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Schulich School of Engineering University of Calgary Calgary, AB Canada ALOYSIUS F. HEPP Nanotech Innovations Oberlin, OH United States Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright(cid:1)2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-821074-1 ForinformationonallElsevierpublicationsvisitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:CarrieBolger EditorialProjectManager:MarianaKuhl ProductionProjectManager:PoulouseJoseph CoverDesigner:ChristianBilbow TypesetbyTNQTechnologies CoverCredit:JoshuaArpon,RachaelRode,SiobhanO'Dell,andNicolasWong Contents Contributors xiii Preface xvii PART 1 Biomimicry in aerospace: Education, design and inspiration 1. Biomimicry andbiodesign for innovationin future spacecolonization 3 CarlosMontana-Hoyos,MirkoDaneluzzo,RaffiTchakerian, SayjelVijayPatelandRenataLemosMorais 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Theentrepreneurialspaceindustry 3 1.3 Frombiomimicryandbio-inspireddesigntobio-enhancedand biohybriddesign,technology,andinnovation 12 1.4 Appliedresearchintobiomimeticandalgorithmicdesign 21 1.5 Bio-inspired,bio-enhanced,andbiohybridengineering: Speculativedesignconceptsforspacecolonization 27 1.6 CurrentresearchintheDubaiInstituteofDesignandInnovation: Casestudieswithundergraduatestudents 30 1.7 Conclusions 34 Acknowledgments 36 References 36 2. A bio-inspired design andspace challenges cornerstone project 41 MarjanEggermont 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 NASAchallenges 43 2.3 AskNaturestrategyresearch 46 2.4 Challengesandstrategiesdiagrams 49 2.5 Strategiesillustration 51 2.6 Designinganddrawingthebio-inspireddesignsolution 54 2.7 Dataanalysis 55 2.8 Conclusion 59 Acknowledgments 60 References 60 j v vi Contents 3. Towardsystematic nature-inspired problem-solving for aerospace applications and beyond 63 ColleenK.UnsworthandVikramShyam 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Biomimicrytoollandscape 64 3.3 VirtualinterchangeforNature-inspiredExploration:2019 BioceneToolsWorkshop 65 3.4 Analysisanddiscussion 76 3.5 Conclusionsandfuturedirections 77 Acknowledgments 78 References 79 4. Parallels in communication technology and natural phenomena 81 RobertRomanofsky 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 TheSchmittTrigger:Biomimeticsandsynchronicity 82 4.3 Senseandavoid:Collectivemotioninbirdflocksandaircraftformations 84 4.4 Periodicstructures:Crystalsandelectronicfilters 86 4.5 CharlesDarwin:Butterflies,geneticalgorithmsandmicrowaveantennas 88 4.6 Colorandlight:Butterfliesanddichroicmirrors 91 4.7 Smartmaterials:Artificialmusclesandantennas 93 4.8 Whispers:Cathedralsandvirusdetectors 94 4.9 Spookiness:Quantumentanglementandadvancedcryptography 95 4.10 Noise:Communications 97 4.11 Summaryandconclusions 99 References 100 5. Atacama Desert:Genius of place 103 ClaudiaRiveraC(cid:1)ardenas,Anne-MarieDanielandChristiandelaCruz 5.1 AtacamaDesert 103 5.2 StrategiesadoptedbyspeciestosurviveintheAtacamaDesert 107 5.3 Discussion 122 5.4 Conclusions 130 References 133 Contents vii PART 2 Bio-inspired design: Aerospace and other practical applications 6. Bio-inspired design and additive manufacturing of cellularmaterials 141 DerekGoss,ClintA.Penick,AlexGrishinandDhruvBhate 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Cellularmaterialsdesign 146 6.3 Cellularmaterialsinnature 154 6.4 Additivemanufacturingdesignconstraints 169 6.5 Towardamethodology:Honeycombpanelcasestudy 172 6.6 Summary 181 References 182 7. Biomimetic course design exploration for improved NASA zerogravity exercise equipment 187 PetraGruber,SebastianEngelhardt,KellySiman,ElenaStachewand GailPerusek 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 UniversityofAkronbiomimicrycourse:ResponsetoNASAdesign challenge 188 7.3 Biomimeticimprovementstotheexercisedeviceboxandaccessories 193 7.4 Biomimeticimprovementstoropesandcables 199 7.5 Conclusionsandfuturework 205 Acknowledgments 206 References 206 8. Biomimeticsof boxfish:Designing an aerodynamically efficient passengercar 211 HarunChowdhuryandBavinLoganathan 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 Methodology 216 8.3 Resultsanddiscussion 223 8.4 Conclusions 233 References 234 viii Contents 9. Thresholds ofnature: How understanding one of nature’s penultimatelaws ledto the PowerCone,a biomimeticenergy source 237 RyanA.Church 9.1 Backgrounddthresholdsabound 237 9.2 Themomentofinspiration 240 9.3 Maplekeyaerodynamics 241 9.4 Thefirstprototypes 243 9.5 WindtunneltestingaPowerCone 245 9.6 Time-DependentEnergyTransferandthresholds 248 9.7 Changingfluids:TidaltestingaPowerCone 252 9.8 Newcomputationalfrontiers:PowerCone 253 9.9 Conclusion:Full-ScaleTesting 255 References 257 PART 3 Biomimicry and foundational aerospace disciplines 10. Slithering across worldsdsnake-inspired robots for extraterrestrialexploration 261 HenryC.Astley 10.1 Bio-inspireddesign 261 10.2 Identifyingtheproblemdtraversingotherworlds 262 10.3 Searchingplanetaryanalogsforanaturalmodel 264 10.4 Snakelocomotiondturningobstaclesintoadvantages 266 10.5 Replicatingsnakes’successdbio-inspiredsnakerobots 274 10.6 Applicationsandmissionprofiles 277 10.7 Conclusion:Bio-inspiredsnakerobotsforextraterrestrialexploration 279 References 280 11. Biomimetic advances in photovoltaics with potential aerospace applications 291 LyndseyMcMillon-Brown 11.1 Introduction 291 11.2 Solarapplicationsinaerospace 292 11.3 Classesofsolarcells 296 11.4 Lossesinsolarcells 298 11.5 Bio-inspiredapproachesforenhancedphotovoltaics 300 11.6 Bioinspirationandsolarconcentrators 311 Contents ix 11.7 Honeycombsurfacestructures 315 11.8 Bio-inspiredsurfaceareaenhancement 317 11.9 Modelingandsimulationforphotovoltaicpoweroutputoptimization 318 11.10 Concludingremarks:Futureoutlook 319 References 320 12. Electric aircraft cooling with bio-inspiredexergy management 331 RodgerW.Dyson 12.1 Introduction 332 12.2 Technologybarriersforairvehicleadoption 332 12.3 Faultmanagementchallenge 333 12.4 Thermalmanagementchallenge 336 12.5 Integratedfaultandthermalmanagement 339 12.6 High-exergyheatextraction 341 12.7 Acousticexergypumpingtubes 342 12.8 Thermallyredirectableheatpipes 344 12.9 IntegratedTREESsystemoperationandtestresultssummary 347 12.10 Conclusion 350 Acknowledgments 351 References 351 13. Surrogate model-drivenbio-inspiredoptimizationalgorithms for large-scale andhigh-dimensional problems 353 AniketKumar,SubhrajitDuttaandAmirH.Gandomi 13.1 Introduction 353 13.2 Surrogatemodels 354 13.3 Typesofsurrogatemodels 357 13.4 Surrogatemodel-drivenbio-inspiredoptimizationalgorithm 369 13.5 Concludingremarks 377 References 378 Appendices 381