Biology : the dynamic science PDF
Preview Biology : the dynamic science
About the cover The Vietnamese mossy frog (Theloderma corticale) occupies the moss-cov- ered walls of flooded caves and the banks of rocky mountain streams in the heavily forested limestone cliffs of northern Vietnam and southern China. It lives at elevations of 470 to 1,500 meters. Like all frogs, adult T. corticale are predatory, feeding on large insects, such as crickets and cockroaches. Adult mossy frogs reach lengths of seven or eight centimeters. Males are smaller than females. The frogs reproduce in natural rock cavities. Although mossy frogs are semi-aquatic, females deposit eight to ten eggs on rocky walls above standing water, where they are safe from aquatic predators. Seven to ten days later, the eggs hatch, and the tadpoles drop to the flooded cavity floor. Tadpoles metamorphose into frogs after three months. Although the ecology of mossy frogs has not been well-studied, it is listed as threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Its populations are severely fragmented and declining in size, largely because of habitat destruction caused by expanding agriculture and timber harvesting. Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Fit your coursework into your hectic life. Make the most of your time by learning your way. Access the resources you need to succeed wherever, whenever. Study with digital fl ashcards, listen to audio textbooks and take quizzes. Review your current course grade and compare your progress with your peers. Get the free Cengage Mobile App and learn wherever you are. 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Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Biology The Dynamic Science Fifth Edition Russell Hertz McMillan Benington Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. 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Biology: The Dynamic Science, Fifth Edition © 2014, 2017, 2021 Cengage Learning, Inc. Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan, Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage. Joel H. Benington WCN: 02-300 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Product Director: Thais Alencar may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, except as Product Manager: Katherine Caudill-Rios permitted by U.S. copyright law, without the prior written permission of the Product Assistant: Haley Hulett copyright owner. Marketing Manager: Julie Nusser Senior Content Manager: Laura Hildebrand For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Learning Designer: Kristen Meere Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 In-House Subject Matter Expert, Biology: Kate Scheibel or support.cengage.com. Manufacturing Planner: Karen Hunt For permission to use material from this text or product, . Senior IP Analyst: Christine Myaskovsky submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Senior IP Project Manager: Betsy Hathaway Production Service: Megan Chandler, Graphic World Inc. Library of Congress Control Number:2019916249 Illustrators: Dragonfly Media Group, Graphic World Inc. Compositor: Graphic World Inc. ISBN: 978-0-357-13489-4 Art Director: Chris Doughman Loose-leaf Edition: Text and Cover Designer: Jeanne Calabrese ISBN: 978-0-357-13490-0 Cover Image: Matthijs Kuijpers/Alamy Stock Photo Cengage 200 Pier 4 Boulevard Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, register or access your online learning solution, or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengage.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2019 Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Brief Contents 1 Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research 1 31 Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes 682 32 Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Unit One Molecules and Cells Relatives 718 2 Life, Chemistry, and Water 24 Unit Five Plant Structure and Function 3 Biological Molecules: The Carbon Compounds of Life 43 4 Cells 72 33 The Plant Body 760 5 Membranes and Transport 104 34 Transport in Plants 786 6 Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions 125 35 Plant Nutrition 805 7 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy 144 36 Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants 824 8 Photosynthesis 167 37 Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment 853 9 Cell Communication 189 10 Cell Division and Mitosis 210 Unit Six Animal Structure and Function Unit Two Genetics 38 Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology 883 11 Meiosis: The Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction 231 39 Neurons and Synapses 899 12 Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance 244 40 Nervous Systems 922 13 Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics 266 41 Sensory Systems 945 14 DNA Structure and Replication 290 42 The Endocrine System 968 15 Gene Expression: From DNA to Protein 312 43 Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements 989 16 Regulation of Gene Expression 3 39 44 The Circulatory System 1004 17 Bacterial and Viral Genetics 3 68 45 Defenses against Disease 1023 18 DNA Technology: Making and Using Genetically Altered 46 The Respiratory System 1042 Organisms, and Other Applications 388 47 Digestive Systems and Animal Nutrition 1059 19 Genomes and Proteomes 414 48 Regulating the Internal Environment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation 1082 Unit Three Evolutionary Biology 49 Animal Reproduction 1106 20 Development of Evolutionary Thinking 442 50 Animal Development 1127 21 Microevolution: Genetic Changes within Populations 460 Unit Seven Ecology and Behavior 22 Speciation 484 51 Ecology and the Biosphere 1151 23 Paleobiology and Macroevolution 502 52 Population Ecology 1179 24 Systematics and Phylogenetics: Revealing the Tree of Life 532 53 Population Interactions and Community Ecology 1206 54 Ecosystems and Global Change 1237 Unit Four Biodiversity 55 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology 1263 25 The Origin of Life 556 56 Animal Behavior 1289 26 Bacteria and Archaea: The Primary Domains 573 Appendix A: Answers A-1 27 Eukaryotes: Two Domains United 5 93 Appendix B: Classification System 28 Seedless Plants 617 A-34 Glossary 29 Seed Plants 638 G-1 Index 30 Fungi 6 59 I-1 iii Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Peter J. Russell received a B.Sc. in Biology from the University of Sussex, England, in 1968 and a Ph.D. in Genetics from Cornell University in 1972. He has been a member of the Biology faculty of Reed College since 1972 and is currently a Professor of Biology, Emeritus. Peter taught a section of the introductory biology course, a genetics course, and a research literature course on molecular virology. In 1987 he received the Burlington Northern Faculty Achievement Award from Reed College in recognition of his excellence in teaching. Since 1986, he has been the author of a successful genetics textbook; the current edition is iGenetics: A Molecular Approach. Peter’s research was in the area of molecular genetics, with a specific interest in characterizing the role of host genes in the replication of the RNA genome of a pathogenic plant virus, and the expression of the genes of Courtesy of Peter J. Russell tNDHoBhlioaeeoetp g lhivoyaoai,grnr syMtu am.p slPo u;eI leybnenteclestiua trsoisl hthaftue raDwtd seaa eshnasf oedi lusnof G srnsHeeeegdse,n e hataeahlirstrsea hctt lohhM, Grt erhye eem denos iuNefoc tledataincslet siRlci,o n oheNn uosaauers lvaact S.larg ecHcriinhiiceei g stAnF yrfocc aeoeiucsd fnFeu sja doloRtruayucetn hrsirnoede hanasaraelt csoisaoh, fr bi n,cOn ehP,c ert llniaheungs edfvmo uoAinnnildmv,gd ,ia enGeandrgndei cdnbu taye nhMnt aedi c CgoeMselr,ae ngJucnorcurcauidleedarorsnur cS iaaanhotln ec coFdlsiufo,e CBdiutnyiaen,ncl cdltlgutuhae ltdetrahi iiro-ne n g. cofounding the biology division of the Council on Undergraduate Research in 1985. He was Prin- cipal Investigator/Program Director of a National Science Foundation Award for the Integration of Research and Education (NSF–AIRE) to Reed College, 1998 to 2002. Paul E. Hertz w as born and raised in New York City. He received a bachelor’s degree in Biology at Stanford University in 1972, a master’s degree in Biology from Harvard University in 1973, and a Ph.D. in Biology at Harvard University in 1977. While completing field research for the doctorate, he served on the Biology faculty of the University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras. After spending two years as an Isaac Walton Killam Postdoctoral Fellow at Dalhousie University, Paul accepted a teaching position at Barnard College, where he has taught since 1979. He was named Ann Whitney Olin Professor of Biology in 2000 and the Claire Tow Professor of Biology in 2016. He received The Barnard Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2007. In addition to serving on numerous college com- mittees, Paul chaired Barnard’s Biology Department for 8 years and served as Acting Provost and Dean of the Faculty from 2011 to 2012. He was also the founding Program Director of the Hughes Aaron Kinard Scocinetnincue oPuipsleyl ibnye tPhreo Hjecotw aatr Bda Hrnuagrhde, sa nM uendidcearlg Irnasdtuitauttee cfruormric 1u9l9u2m t oa n2d0 1r6e.s Thearec hP ippreolignrea mPr ofujencdt ed Courtesy of tinatceldu dthedei trh ter aInnstfeerrc otoll e4g-iyaetaer P caorltlnegeressh ainp,d a u pnriovgerrasimtie fso. rS lionccael 2c0o1m6 mheu hnaitsy s ceorvlleedg ea ss tDudireencttso trh oaft tfhaec ili- Science Pathways Scholars Program, which provides support and research opportunities to first- generation college students and students of color at Barnard. He teaches one semester of the intro- ductory sequence for Biology majors and pre-professional students, lecture and laboratory courses in vertebrate zoology and ecology, and seminars that introduce first-year students to scientific research. Paul is an animal physiological ecologist with a specific research interest in the thermal biology of lizards. He has conducted fieldwork in the West Indies since the mid-1970s, most recently focusing on the lizards of Cuba and Puerto Rico. His work has been funded by the National Science Foun- dation, and he has published his research in such prestigious journals as The American Naturalist, Ecology, Nature, Oecologia, and Proceedings of the Royal Society. iv Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Beverly McMillan h as worked extensively in educational and commercial publishing as an author, science writer, project manager, and multimedia content developer. In addition to her con- tributions to college textbooks, Bev has written or coauthored multiple popular books on topics in natural history and human health and biology, as well as field guides to the flora and fauna of more than 20 U.S. states. She has also created Web and print content for clients including the U.S. National Park Service, the Science Museum of Virginia, The Mariners’ Museum, the San Francisco Explor- atorium, the University of California system, and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science/College of William and Mary. She holds undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of California, Berkeley. Millan Mc Courtesy of Beverly Joel H. Benington r eceived a B.A. in 1985 from St. John’s College in Annapolis, Maryland, and a Ph.D. in Biology in 1992 from Stanford University. He performed postdoctoral research at UCLA and Stanford University until 1996, and since then has been a member of the Biology faculty of St. Bonaventure University. He is currently Professor of Biology and Director of programs in Bioinfor- matics and Health and Society. He has twice served as Chair of the Department of Biology. During his entire time at St. Bonaventure University, he has taught one or both semesters of the general biology sequence for first-year life-science majors. He also teaches upper-level courses in Neurobi- ology, Genomics, and Evolution, and has led a variety of seminar courses in the university’s Honors Program. He has published his research in journals such as Progress in Neurobiology, Brain Research, H. Benington tphueb Alismheerdi chaynp Jootuhrensaesl ocfo Pnhcyersinoilnogg yt,h aen rdo lThe oef S scleieenpt iisnt. bIrna iand deniteiorgny t om leatbaobroaltiosmry, rtehsee afurcnhc,t ihoen haal sr ela- Courtesy of Joel gtrieaostneoasrhr ocipfh a bh Neatsaw tbieeoeennna Rlf uGEnMrdide s dgle rbeaypn ttah nteod Ns nuaoptnipo-onRratE lK MIn- 1ss2tlei tSeuTpt,eE saM nod fe Hdcouencaanlttehioc, tnaino innds Ch beae thttwaarsea esuengr suvlese deC pao sau nPndrtiy nl,e cNairpenawiln IYgno.v rHeksi.tsi - CHAPTER 8 HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY: CELLULAR RESPIRATION v Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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