Biology of Disease

609 Pages·2007·16.93 MB·English

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biology of disease / Nessar Ahmed … [et al.].
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7487-7210-3 (alk. paper)
1. Pathology--Textbooks. 2. Diseases--Textbooks. 3. Medical sciences--Textbooks.
I. Ahmed, Nessar.
[DNLM: 1. Pathology--methods. 2. Disease. QZ 4 B615 2007]
RB111.B482 2007
616--dc22
2006026001
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CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Glossary xix
Chapter 1: The Nature and Investigation of Diseases 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 CharacteristicFeaturesofDiseases 2
Etiology 2
Pathogenesis 3
ManifestationsofDiseases 4
OutcomeofaDisease 5
1.3 ClassificationofDiseases 6
1.4 EpidemiologyofDisease 7
1.5 InvestigatingDiseases 8
1.6 TypesofPathologyLaboratories 9
1.7 RoleofHospitalLaboratoryTests 10
1.8 HospitalLaboratoryTests 14
1.9 EvaluationofLaboratoryTests 16
1.10 ReferenceRanges 17
1.11 QualityofTestResultsandClinicalAuditing 18
1.12 Summary 21
FurtherReading 22
Chapter 2: Pathogens and Virulence 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 TypesofPathogens 26
Prions 26
Viruses 27
Bacteria 30
Protozoa,FungiandHelminths 30
ArthropodsandVertebrates 31
2.3 VirulenceFactors 33
DefensiveVirulenceFactors 33
OffensiveVirulenceFactors 34
2.4 CourseofInfection 37
2.5 Summary 38
FurtherReading 39
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CONTENTS
Chapter 3: Infectious Diseases and Treatments 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 InfectionsoftheSkin 42
3.3 InfectionsoftheEyes,EarsandCentralNervousSystem 42
3.4 InfectionsoftheRespiratorySystem 44
3.5 InfectionsoftheGastrointestinalTract 46
3.6 InfectionsoftheUrogenitalSystem 48
3.7 SepsisandSystemicInfections 53
3.8 InvestigatingInfectiousDiseases 54
Culture 54
SerologicalTests 55
BiochemicalandMolecularBiologicalTechniques 56
3.9 PreventingInfectiousDiseases 59
3.10 ControllingtheSpreadofPathogens 60
3.11 TreatmentofInfectiousDiseases 60
AntiviralDrugs 60
AntibacterialDrugs 61
Antifungal,AntiprotozoalandAntihelminthicDrugs 64
CombinationTherapy 66
Surgery 66
3.12 Summary 69
FurtherReading 70
Chapter 4: The Immune System 73
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 TypesofImmuneDefense 74
4.3 NonspecificDefenses 74
Interferons 74
Complement 75
NonspecificCells 75
MononuclearLeukocytes 77
InflammationandtheAcutePhaseResponse 77
4.4 SpecificImmuneResponses 79
RolesofHumoralandCell-MediatedImmunity 80
HumoralImmunity 80
Cell-MediatedImmunity 85
4.5 SmallLymphocytes 86
4.6 ProductionofaSpecificImmuneResponse 87
HumoralImmunity 89
4.7 Summary 95
FurtherReading 97
Chapter 5: Disorders of the Immune System 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 ImmunodeficiencyDiseases 100
PrimaryImmunodeficiencyDisease 100
5.3 AutoimmuneDisorders 110
ClassificationofAutoimmuneDisorders 110
AutoimmuneDisordersAffectingEndocrineGlands 111
AntiglomerularBasementMembraneDisease 113
MyastheniaGravis 114
RheumatoidArthritis 115
SystemicLupusErythematosus 116
5.4 ImmunologicalHypersensitivity 118
TypeIHypersensitivity 118
TypeIIHypersensitivity 121
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CONTENTS
TypeIIIHypersensitivity 121
TypeIVDelayedTypeHypersensitivity 122
5.5 Summary 123
FurtherReading 125
Chapter 6: Transfusion and Transplantation 127
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 BloodandBloodProductsforTransfusion 128
6.3 TheDiscoveryoftheBloodGroupSystems 129
6.4 TheABOBloodGroupSystem(ISBT001) 132
TheAntigensoftheABOSystem 133
AntibodiesoftheABOBloodGroupSystem 134
ConsequencesofABOIncompatibleTransfusions 134
6.5 TheRhBloodGroupSystem(ISBT004) 135
HemolyticDiseaseoftheNewborn 136
6.6 OtherBloodGroupSystems 138
6.7 LaboratoryDeterminationofBloodGroups 139
6.8 RoleofComplementinTransfusionReactions 140
6.9 HazardsofTransfusion 141
TransfusionRelatedAcuteLungInjury 142
IronOverload 142
Alloimmunization 142
GraftversusHostDisease 143
Infections 143
6.10 ScreeningofBloodDonors 143
6.11 TransplantationofSolidTissuesandOrgans 145
ImmunologicalRejectionofTransplants 145
CausesofGraftRejection 146
6.12 TheHLASystem 147
HLATyping 148
6.13 Immunosuppression 150
6.14 HemopoieticStemCellTransplantation 152
BoneMarrowTransplantation 152
PeripheralBloodStemCellTransplantation 153
UmbilicalCordStemCellTransplantation 153
IdentificationofHemopoieticStemCells 153
6.15 Summary 154
FurtherReading 155
Chapter 7: Disorders of the Endocrine System 157
7.1 Introduction 157
7.2 HormoneProduction 159
7.3 MechanismsofHormonalAction 162
7.4 CausesofEndocrineDisorders 164
7.5 ThePituitaryGland 165
DisordersofPituitaryFunction 167
7.6 GrowthHormoneDisorders 169
DiagnosisandTreatmentofGrowthHormoneDisorders 171
7.7 ThyroidHormoneDisorders 172
DiagnosisandTreatmentofThyroidDisorders 174
7.8 RegulationofBloodGlucose 177
DiabetesMellitus 178
Hypoglycemia 181
7.9 DisordersoftheAdrenalCortex 183
Addison’sDisease 184
Cushing’sSyndrome 185
CongenitalAdrenalHyperplasia 186
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