Biologic Applications of Radiotracers PDF
Preview Biologic Applications of Radiotracers
CRC SERIES IN RADIOTRACERS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Editor-in-Chief Lelio G. Colombetti, Sc.D. Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine Maywood, Illinois STUDIES OF CELLULAR RECEPTOR-BINDING FUNCTION USING RADIOTRACERS RADIOTRACERS William C. Eckelman, Ph.D. Mervyn W. Billinghurst, Ph.D. Department of Radiology Radiopharmacy George Washington University School Health Sciences Center of Medicine Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Washington, D.C. GENERAL PROCESSES OF BIOLOGIC APPLICATIONS OF RADIOTRACER LOCALIZATION RADIOTRACERS Leopold J. Anghileri, D.Sc. Howard J. Glenn, Ph.D. Laboratory of Biophysics University of Texas System Cancer University of Nancy Center Nancy, France M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute RADIATION BIOLOGY Houston, Texas Donald Pizzarello, Ph.D. Department of Radiology BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT OF New York University Medical Center RADIOTRACERS New York, New York Lelio G. Colombetti, Sc.D. Loyola University RADIOTRACERS Stritch School of Medicine FOR MEDICAL Maywood, Illinois APPLICATIONS Garimella V. S. Rayudu, Ph.D BASIC PHYSICS Nuclear Medicine Department W. Earl Barnes, Ph.D. Rush University Medical Center Nuclear Medicine Service Presbyterian - St. Luke’s Hospital Edward Hines, Jr., Hospital Chicago, Illinois Hines, Illinois RADIOBIOASSAYS Fuad S. Ashkar, M.D. Radioassay Laboratory Jackson Memorial Medical Center University of Miami School of Medicine Miami, Florida Biologic Applications of Radio tracers Editor Howard J. Glenn, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry The University of Texas System Cancer Center M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute Houston, Texas Editor-in-Chief CRC Series in Radiotracers in Biology and Medicine Lelio G. Colombetti, Sc.D. Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine Maywood, Illinois Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2019 by CRC Press © 1982 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-0-367-24616-7 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-429-28350-5 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com FOREWORD This series of books on Radiotracers in Biology and Medicine is on the one hand an unbelievably expansive enterprise and on the other hand, a most noble one as well. Tools to probe biology have developed at an accelerating rate. Hevesy pioneered the application of radioisotopes to the study of chemical processes, and since that time, radioisotopic methodology has probably contributed as much as any other methodol ogy to the analysis of the fine structure of biologic systems. Radioisotopic methodol ogies represent powerful tools for the determination of virtually any process of biologic interest. It should not be surprising, therefore, that any effort to encompass all aspects of radiotracer methodology is both desirable in the extreme and doomed to at least some degree of inherent failure. The current series is assuredly a success relative to the breadth of topics which range from in depth treatise of fundamental science or abstract concepts to detailed and specific applications, such as those in medicine or even to the extreme of the methodology for sacrifice of animals as part of a radiotracer distribu tion study. The list of contributors is as impressive as is the task, so that one can be optimistic that the endeavor is likely to be as successful as efforts of this type can be expected to be. The prospects are further enhanced by the unbounded energy of the coordinating editor. The profligate expansion of application of radioisotopic methods relate to their inherent and exquisite sensitivity, ease of quantitation, specificity, and comparative simplicity, especially with modern instrumentation and reagents, both of which are now readily and universally available. It is now possible to make biological measurements which were otherwise difficult or impossible. These measurements allow us to begin to understand processes in depth in their unaltered state so that radioiso tope methodology has proved to be a powerful probe for insight into the function and perturbations of the fine structure of biologic systems. Radioisotopic methodology has provided virtually all of the information now known about the physiology and patho physiology of several organ systems and has been used abundantly for the development of information on every organ system and kinetic pathway in the plant and animal kingdoms. We all instinctively turn to the thyroid gland and its homeostatic interrela tionships as an example, and an early one at that, of the use of radioactive tracers to elaborate normal and abnormal physiology and biochemistry, but this is but one of many suitable examples. Nor is the thyroid unique in the appreciation that a very major and important residua of diagnostic and therapeutic methods of clinical importance result from an even larger number of procedures used earlier for investigative purposes and, in some instances, procedures used earlier for investigative purposes and, in some instances, advocated for clinical use. The very ease and power of radioisotopic meth odology tempts one to use these techniques without sufficient knowledge, preparation or care and with the potential for resulting disastrous misinformation. There are not able research and clinical illustrations of this problem, which serve to emphasize the importance of texts such as these to which one can turn for guidance in the proper use of these powerful methods. Radioisotopic methodology has already demonstrated its potential for opening new vistas in science and medicine. This series of texts, extensive though they be, yet must be incomplete in some respects. Multiple authorship always entails the danger of nonuniformity of quality, but the quality of authorship herein assembled makes this likely to be minimal. In any event, this series undoubtedly will serve an important role in the continued application of radioisotopic methodology to the exciting and unending, yet answerable, questions in science and medicine! Gerald L. DeNardo, M.D. Professor of Radiology, Medicine, Pathology and Veterinary Radiology University of California, Davis- Sacramento Medical School Director, Division of Nuclear Medicine THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Lelio G. Colombetti, Sc.D., is Professor of Pharmacology at Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine in Maywood, 111. and a member of the Nuclear Medicine Division Staff at Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago, 111. Dr. Colombetti graduated from the Litoral University in his native Argentina with a Doctor in Sciences degree (summa cum laude), and obtained two fellowships for postgraduate studies from the Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., and from the M.I.T. in Cambridge, Mass. He has published more than 150 scientific papers and is the author of several book chapters. He has presented over 300 lectures both at meetings held in the U.S. and abroad. He organized the First International Symposium on Radiopharmacology, held in Innsbruck, Austria, in May 1978. He also organized the Second International Symposium on Radiopharmacology which took place in Chi cago in September, 1981, with the active participation of more than 500 scientists, representing over 30 countries. He is a founding member of the International Associ ation of Radiopharmacology, a nonprofit organization, which congregates scientists from many disciplines interested in the biological applications of radiotracers. He was its first President (1979/1981). Dr. Colombetti is a member of various scientific societies, including the Society of Nuclear Medicine (U.S.) and the Gesellschaft fur Nuklearmedizin (Europe), and is an honorary member of the Mexican Society of Nuclear Medicine. He is also a member of the Society of Experimental Medicine and Biology, the Coblenz Society, and the Sigma Xi. He is a member of the editorial boards of the journals Nuklearmedizin and Research in Clinic and Laboratory. PREFACE In 1971, after several years in preparation, the massive International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics was published. Part of this was Section 78, Radio nuclides in Pharmacology, two volumes edited by Professor Yves Cohen. In his pref ace,* Professor Cohen stated that, “The reader may be surprised that an entire section has been devoted to Radionuclides in Pharmacology, since it deals with a particular experimental method rather than with a class of drugs as in the case of other sections.” He did however, continue with the statement, “Radiopharmacology has evolved its own individual character determined by such contingencies, methods of thinking and techniques as have spontaneously occurred.” Dr. Cohen would express satisfaction today to note now that this “experimental method” has developed into a full-blown scientific discipline, that of radiopharmacology, and that radiopharmacology is the principle foundation on which this extensive series, Radiotracers in Biology and Med icine, is built. It has been the pleasure of this person to be the editor of this volume, Biologic Application of Radiotracers. It is of interest to note that three of the authors in the 1971 publication, Drs. Cohen, Ullberg, and Glenn, also have contributed chapters to this volume thus providing continuity with the past. In May of 1978, the First International Symposium on Radiopharmacology was held at Innsbruck, Austria. Common questions asked early in the symposium by several attendees were related to defining the term, radiopharmacology. As the symposium progressed, it became more and more apparent that the scope of radiopharmacology was becoming more clearly delineated, and that it was a large and important field of endeavor unto itself. Also out of this symposium grew the realization that a treatise covering basic and updated radiopharmacology was needed. This Uniscience series is the answer to this need. The volume Biologic Applications of Radiotracers, relates largely to the use of small animals in radiotracer research. This volume presents an excellent account of animal models used in radiotracer in vestigations, describes the animal radiopharmacology laboratory, discusses radiotracer distribution differences between species, reviews the excellent but somewhat neglected technique of autoradiography, outlines salient points to remember in animal distribu tional studies, shows the fundamental techniques of radiotracer administration, dissec tion, tissue and fluid sampling techniques, outlines the basics of tissue sample prepa ration for beta liquid and gamma scintillation counting, presents some simple fundamentals of the radiation counting processes, and ends with a discussion of the handling, maintenance, and disposal of animals containing radioactivity. It, is an up dated primer of background information needed for basic small animal radiotracer studies. All the authors in this volume are experts in their respective fields. They, for the most part, have contributed numerous articles to national and international publica tions. Yet they were willing to undertake still another time-consuming task and add their expertise to that of others to make this new undertaking a success. The editor is grateful to them for their willingness, their enthusiasm, and for their excellent contri butions. He is also grateful to the numerous secretaries who spent countless hours typing the rough drafts and the final manuscripts that went into the preparation of this volume. It is the sincere hope of this editor that this volume will find daily use in animal radiotracer studies throughout the world, and that it will be a source of background information necessary for the education and training of future students and practition- ers of radiopharmacology. Lelio G Colombetti Howard J. Glenn, Ph.D. * Cohen, Y., Ed., Radionuclides in Pharmacology, Vols. I and II, Section 78, International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1971, p. xi. THE EDITOR Howard J. Glenn, Ph.D., is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Texas Sys tem Cancer Center M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute at Houston, Texas. Dr. Glenn graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in chemistry from St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, the Master of Science degree in 1944 and the Ph.D. degree in 1948, both from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, where he was a teaching assistant, a Wisconsin Alumni Research Fellow and a Dupont Fel low. He joined Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois, where for the first eight years, he was a Senior Research Organic Chemist. He then spent fourteen years in the Radiopharmaceutical Division of Abbott Laboratories as Senior Technical Associate, Head of Research and Development, and as Specialist in Nuclear Medicine. He was awarded the Abbott Scientific Achievement Award in Research in 1964 and the Abbott Presidential Award for special scientific contributions in 1970. Besides his endeavors in radiopharmaceutical research and development, he was instrumental in the devel opment of several of the first in vitro radioassay and radioimmunoassay tests commer cially available. He joined the University of Texas System Cancer Center at Houston, Texas, in 1970 where he has been head of the Radiopharmaceutical Service, in the Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medicine, since that time. His research interests have been in the use of radiotracers in in vitro cellular and in vivo tumor uptake studies. He has authored numerous papers, abstracts, and chapters in books, and has presented nu merous lectures before national and international audiences. He was an active partici pant in helping organize the First International Symposium on Radiopharmacology and has been Secretary of the Organizing Committee for the Second Symposium on Radiopharmacology. Dr. Glenn is a member of various scientific societies including the Society of Nuclear Medicine, the European Thyroid Association, the International Association of Radi opharmacology, the American Chemical Society and Sigma Xi. He is consultant to the Johnson Space Center, NASA, the Texas Radiation Advisory Board, the Texas State Board of Pharmacy, and the International Atomic Energy Agency. He is Past President of the Southwestern Chapter of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, has been active in various councils and committees of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, and is on the Board of Directors of the Education and Research Foundation of the Society of Nuclear Medicine. CONTRIBUTORS Muhammad R. Atallah Dan Hightower, D.V.M. Senior Research Assistant Professor M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Veterinary Physiology and Institute Pharmacology Houston, Texas College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University Madeleine R. Besnard, D.Sc. College Station, Texas Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences University of Paris Sud Ingenieur Bengt Larsson, Ph.D. Centre National de la Recherche Department of Toxicology Scientifique University of Uppsala Chatenay Malabry, France Uppsala, Sweden Frank P. Castronovo, Jr., Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Radiology Harvard Medical School Hans Tjӓlve, D.V.M., Ph.D Radiopharmacologist Associate Professor Radiation Safety Officer Department of Toxicology Massachusetts General Hospital University of Uppsala Boston, Massachusetts Uppsala, Sweden Yves I. Cohen Professor Dean of the Faculty Head of the Department of Sven Ullberg Pharmacology Professor and Head Vice President Department of Toxicology University of Paris Sud University of Uppsala Chatenay Malabry, France Uppsala, Sweden
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