Biodiversity Conservation, Law and Livelihoods: Bridging the North-South Divide: IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Research Studies PDF
Preview Biodiversity Conservation, Law and Livelihoods: Bridging the North-South Divide: IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Research Studies
P1:JZP 9780521885034pre CUFX194/Jeffery 9780521885034 December26,2007 14:24 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, LAW+LIVELIHOODS The IUCN Academy of Environmental Law Research Studies’ third colloquium broughttogethermorethan130expertsfrom27nationsonnearlyeverycontinent. This book brings together a number of the papers presented there and offers a globalperspectiveonbiodiversityconservationandthemaintenanceofsustainable cultures.Itaddressesissuesfrominternational,regional,andcountry-specificper- spectives.Thebookisorganizedthematicallytopresentabroadspectrumofissues, includingthehistoryandmajorgovernancestructuresinthisarea;theneeds,prob- lems,andprerequisitesforbiodiversity;area-based,species-based,andecosystem- basedconservationmeasures;theuseofcomponentsofbiodiversityandtheprocesses affectingit;biosecurity;andaccesstoandsharingofbenefitsfromcomponentsof biodiversityandtheireconomicvalue. MichaelI.Jeffery,QC,isProfessorofLawatMacquarieUniversityandDirectorofits CentreforEnvironmentalLaw.HeservedasDeanofLawin1999.HereceivedhisLLB degreefromtheUniversityofTorontoandhisLLMdegreefromOsgoodeHallLaw School,YorkUniversity.AformerChairoftheProvinceofOntario’sEnvironmental Assessment Board, he was appointed a Queen’s Counsel in 1978 and headed the environmentallawpracticeofoneofCanada’slargestlawfirmsinthe1990s.Hehas servedasDeputyChairoftheIUCN’sCommissiononEnvironmentalLawandhas beentheEditor-in-ChiefoftheMacquarieJournalofInternationalandComparative EnvironmentalLawsinceitsinception. JeremyFirestoneisanAssociateProfessorofMarinePolicyandLegalStudiesatthe UniversityofDelaware.HeholdsaJDfromtheUniversityofMichiganandaPhD inPublicPolicyfromtheUniversityofNorthCarolina.Previously,heservedasan environmentalprotectionlawyerfortheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyand thestateofMichigan.ProfessorFirestone’sresearchandteachinginterestsinclude oceangovernance,wildlifeconservation,energypolicy,andindigenousrights. Karen Bubna-Litic is a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Law at the University of Technology,Sydney,andAssistantDirectoroftheUTSCentreforCorporateGov- ernance.ShereceivedherLLBdegreefromtheUniversityofWesternAustraliaand her LLM degree from the University of Sydney. She has been a visiting professor attheBoaltSchoolofLaw,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley;theSchoolofEnvi- ronmentalNegotiation,UniversityofVirginia;andtheProgramforResearchand DocumentationforaSustainableSocietyattheUniversityofOslo.SheisaSolici- tor and Barrister of the Supreme Court of Western Australia and was Director of ResearchintheFacultyofLawfrom2003–2005. i P1:JZP 9780521885034pre CUFX194/Jeffery 9780521885034 December26,2007 14:24 ii P1:JZP 9780521885034pre CUFX194/Jeffery 9780521885034 December26,2007 14:24 IUCN ACADEMY OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW RESEARCH STUDIES Biodiversity Conservation, + Law Livelihoods Bridging the North–South Divide Edited by MICHAEL I. JEFFERY, QC MacquarieUniversity JEREMY FIRESTONE UniversityofDelaware KAREN BUBNA-LITIC UniversityofTechnology,Sydney iii CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521885034 © IUCN Academy of Environmental Law 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-39465-2 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-88503-4 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. P1:JZP 9780521885034pre CUFX194/Jeffery 9780521885034 December26,2007 14:24 Contents Acknowledgments page ix MessagefromKofiA.Annan,Secretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNations xi MacquarieStatement xiii Contributors xv Introduction 1 MichaelI.Jeffery,JeremyFirestone,andKarenBubna-Litic part one. the context 1 EnvironmentalLawFortyYearsLater:LookingBackandLookingAhead 9 JosephL.Sax 2 BiodiversityandInternationalLaw:HistoricalPerspectivesandPresent Challenges:WhereDoWeComeFrom,WhereAreWeGoing? 26 Franc¸oiseBurhenne-Guilmin 3 SomeObservationsontheIUCN,theEarthCharter,andGlobalGovernance 43 BrendanMackey 4 TheChangingRoleofLawinthePursuitofSustainability 49 PaulMartin part two. biodiversity: its conservation SectionA. Needs,Problems,Prerequisites 5 BiodiversityConservationintheContextofSustainableHuman Development:ACalltoAction 69 MichaelI.Jeffery 6 LegalandParalegalRulesforBiodiversityConservation:ASequence ofConceptual,Linguistic,andLegalProblems 94 D.E.Fisher 7 FutureDirectionsinConservationofBiologicalDiversity: AnInterdisciplinaryApproach 132 AbdulHaseebAnsari SectionB. ImplementationoftheCBD 8 Experience,Mistakes,andChallenges:TheImplementationofthe ConventiononBiologicalDiversityinBrazil 155 Jose´ RubensMorato-Leite,HelineSiviniFerreira,and PatryckdeArau´joAyala v P1:JZP 9780521885034pre CUFX194/Jeffery 9780521885034 December26,2007 14:24 vi CONTENTS SectionC. NationalandRegionalLegalandInstitutionalTools andRegimes 9 ECLawandBiodiversity 181 NicholasdeSadeleer 10 Community-BasedBiodiversityConservationinthePacific:Cautionary Lessonsin“Regionalising”EnvironmentalGovernance 193 JustinRose part three. conservation measures SectionA. Area-BasedMeasures 11 TheRecentNSWExperience,fromRegionalForestAgreementstoBrigalow andtheIntroductionoftheCommunityConservationArea 227 R.J.Debus 12 LocalPeople’sPerceptionsandAttitudestowardstheManagementof Nech-SarNationalPark,Ethiopia 233 DesalegnWana 13 JapaneseMPAsataTurningPoint:NominationofShiretokoforWorld HeritageStatus 251 YasuhikoKagami SectionB. Species-BasedMeasures 14 TenYearsofThreatenedSpeciesLegislationinNSW–WhatAretheLessons? 265 KarenBubna-Litic 15 Sanctuaries,ProtectedSpecies,andPolitics–HowEffectiveIsAustralia atProtectingItsMarineBiodiversityundertheEnvironmentProtection andBiodiversityConservationAct1999? 280 IlonaMillerandJessicaWood 16 LegalStewardshipofMountainRegions:TheEmergingEcoregime 306 NicholasA.Robinson part four. uses of components of biodiversity 17 LegalFrameworkfortheEcologicalandBiodiversityNeedsofSoil:Progress towardsanInternationalInstrumentfortheSustainableUseofSoil 329 IanHannam 18 TheGhanaianForestryRegime:BridgingtheGapbetweentheNorth andtheSouth 347 GeorgeA.Sarpong 19 BridgingtheDominant-IndigenousPeoplesCulturalDivide:Reflections onMakahWhaling 358 JeremyFirestoneandJonathanLilley part five. processes affecting biodiversity SectionA. GlobalWarming 20 BiodiversityandClimateChangeLaws:AFailuretoCommunicate? 383 DavidR.Hodas 21 EmissionsTrading:AFantasyforChinatoCombatGlobalWarming? 400 BoMiao P1:JZP 9780521885034pre CUFX194/Jeffery 9780521885034 December26,2007 14:24 CONTENTS vii SectionB. LandManagement 22 ABriefHistoricalComparisonofthePublicLandDisposalPolicies inBrazilandintheUnitedStates 423 ArlindoDaibert 23 ProtectingEcologicalFunctions:EcologicalFunctionZoning andConservationZonesinthePRC 441 QunDu 24 TheSuccessfulEcograssProjectandthePolicyandLegalIssuesMet andSolved 455 NaLi,LiuYanchun,andZhangHui part six. biosecurity issues SectionA. InvasiveSpecies 25 PreventionandControlofAlienInvasiveSpecies– China’sImplementationoftheCBD 465 YuhongZhao SectionB. GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms 26 WhoIstoBlame?LiabilityandRedressRelatedtoGMOs 485 LorettaFeris 27 TheRealityandEffectof“AdvanceInformedAgreement” undertheCartagenaProtocol 500 RosemaryLyster part seven. access and benefit-sharing SectionA. TheSituationinAntarctica 28 Access,Obligations,andBenefits:RegulatingBioprospecting intheAntarctic 529 AlanD.HemmingsandMichelleRogan-Finnemore SectionB. IndigenousIntellectualandCulturalPropertyRights 29 BiotechnologicalInnovations,GeneticResources,andTraditional Knowledge:CurrentDevelopmentsattheWorldIntellectualProperty Organization 553 BurtonOng 30 SharingAlltheBenefits:TheChallengeofLegalRecognitionofIndigenous IntellectualandCulturalPropertyRightsintheFijiIslands 579 PioE.ManoaandIsoaKorovulavula Index 593 P1:JZP 9780521885034pre CUFX194/Jeffery 9780521885034 December26,2007 14:24 viii P1:JZP 9780521885034pre CUFX194/Jeffery 9780521885034 December26,2007 14:24 Acknowledgments Wewishtowarmlyacknowledgethecontributionsofthemanyindividualsandinsti- tutions that enabled us to bring together in this volume the majority of the research paperspresentedatthethirdColloquiumoftheIUCNAcademyofEnvironmentalLaw hostedbyMacquarieUniversity’sCentreforEnvironmentalLawinSydney,Australia, inJuly2005. AfterfiveyearsofdiligentworkonthepartofmembersoftheInternationalUnionfor theConservationofNatureandNaturalResources(IUCN)andinparticularthemem- bersandformerChairsoftheIUCNCommissiononEnvironmentalLaw(CEL)and theIUCNEnvironmentalLawCentre,theAcademywasformallylaunchedinShanghai, China,inNovember2003.ShanghaiwasalsothelocationoftheAcademy’sfirstCollo- quiumhostedbyShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity.ThesecondannualColloquiumwas heldinNairobi,Kenya,withSydneybeingchosenasthesiteofthethirdColloquium inwhathasdevelopedinashortspaceoftimeintooneofthemostimportantannual eventsontheinternationalenvironmentallawcalendar. Macquarie University’s former Vice-Chancellor, Professor Di Yerbury, enthusias- tically supported the activities of the Academy and ensured the success of the third ColloquiumthroughagenerousgrantfromtheUniversity’sMillenniumFund.Special thanksmustbeaccordedtobothProfessorTonyAdams,ProVice-Chancellor(Interna- tional),whofilledinattheopeningceremonyforProfessorYerbury,whowasoverseas and unable to officiate, and Professor Elizabeth More, Vice-Chancellor (Administra- tion),whorepresentedtheUniversityattheclosingbanquetheldatSydney’sTaronga ZoooverlookingSydneyHarbour. TheleadershipofProfessorMichaelJeffery,QC,DirectoroftheUniversity’sCentre forEnvironmentalLawandCoordinatoroftheColloquiumCommittee,wasessential to the success of the week-long event. His job was made easier with the enthusiastic supportandaround-the-clockworkofhisCentrecolleaguesDonnaCraig,DavidLeary, andSusanShearing. MuchofthesuccessoftheColloquiumwasduetothetirelessyetcheerfuladministra- tive support provided by a dedicated cadre of student volunteers, and special thanks mustbegiventoKateMcLoughlan,MichaelCollins,andMarciaValsinger-Clarkefor theirroles.TheBiodiversityConservationDayTourtoKuring-gaiChaseNationalPark ledbyProfessorBenBoer(UniversityofSydney)andChiefJudgeBrianPrestonofthe NSWLandandEnvironmentCourtwasamemorablehighlightoftheColloquium,and weowethembothadebtofgratitudefortheirsuperbefforts.Likewise,wewishtothank Professor Liz Deane, the Dean of Macquarie University’s Division of Environmental ix
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