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Biodiversity and Protected Areas Edited by Karen Beazley and Robert Baldwin Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Land www.mdpi.com/journal/land Biodiversity and Protected Areas Biodiversity and Protected Areas SpecialIssueEditors KarenBeazley RobertBaldwin MDPI•Basel•Beijing•Wuhan•Barcelona•Belgrade SpecialIssueEditors KarenBeazley Robert Baldwin DalhousieUniversity Clemson University Canada USA EditorialOffice MDPI St.Alban-Anlage66 4052Basel,Switzerland ThisisareprintofarticlesfromtheSpecialIssuepublishedonlineintheopenaccessjournalLand (ISSN 2073-445X) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/land/special issues/biodiversityprotectedareas) Forcitationpurposes,citeeacharticleindependentlyasindicatedonthearticlepageonlineandas indicatedbelow: LastName,A.A.; LastName,B.B.; LastName,C.C.ArticleTitle. JournalNameYear,ArticleNumber, PageRange. ISBN978-3-03897-732-2(Pbk) ISBN978-3-03897-733-9(PDF) CoverimagecourtesyofRobertBaldwin. (cid:2)c 2019bytheauthors. ArticlesinthisbookareOpenAccessanddistributedundertheCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon publishedarticles,aslongastheauthorandpublisherareproperlycredited,whichensuresmaximum disseminationandawiderimpactofourpublications. ThebookasawholeisdistributedbyMDPIunderthetermsandconditionsoftheCreativeCommons licenseCCBY-NC-ND. Contents AbouttheSpecialIssueEditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Prefaceto”BiodiversityandProtectedAreas” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix RobertF.BaldwinandKarenF.Beazley EmergingParadigmsforBiodiversityandProtectedAreas Reprintedfrom:Land2019,8,43,doi:10.3390/land8030043 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CaitlinCunninghamandKarenF.Beazley ChangesinHumanPopulationDensityandProtectedAreasinTerrestrialGlobalBiodiversity Hotspots,1995–2015 Reprintedfrom:Land2018,7,136,doi:10.3390/land7040136. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Karyn Tabor, Jennifer Hewson, Hsin Tien, Mariano Gonza´lez-Roglich, David Hole and John W. Williams Tropical Protected Areas Under Increasing Threats from Climate Change and Deforestation Reprintedfrom:Land2018,7,90,doi:10.3390/land7030090 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 RahelHamad,KamalKoloandHeikoBalzter Post-WarLandCoverChangesandFragmentationinHalgurdSakranNationalPark(HSNP), KurdistanRegionofIraq Reprintedfrom:Land2018,7,38,doi:10.3390/land7010038 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 R.TravisBelote Proposed Release of Wilderness Study Areas in Montana (USA) Would Demote the ConservationStatusofNationally-ValuableWildlands Reprintedfrom:Land2018,7,69,doi:10.3390/land7020069 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Hayley S. Clements, Matthew J. Selinske, Carla L. Archibald, Benjamin Cooke, James A. Fitzsimons, Julie E. Groce, Nooshin Torabi and Mathew J. Hardy Fairness and Transparency Are Required for the Inclusion of Privately Protected Areas in Publicly Accessible Conservation Databases Reprintedfrom:Land2018,7,96,doi:10.3390/land7030096 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 RobertF.BaldwinandNakishaT.Fouch Understanding the Biodiversity Contributions of Small Protected Areas Presents ManyChallenges Reprintedfrom:Land2018,7,123,doi:10.3390/land7040123. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 M. K. S. Pasha, Nigel Dudley, Sue Stolton, Michael Baltzer, Barney Long, Sugoto Roy, MichaelBelecky,RajeshGopalandS.P.Yadav SettingandImplementingStandardsforManagementofWildTigers Reprintedfrom:Land2018,7,93,doi:10.3390/land7030093 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 ChristopherMcCarthy,HitoshiShinjo,BuhoHoshinoandErdenebuyanEnkhjargal AssessingLocalIndigenousKnowledgeandInformationSourcesonBiodiversity,Conservation andProtectedAreaManagementatKhuvsgolLakeNationalPark,Mongolia Reprintedfrom:Land2018,7,117,doi:10.3390/land7040117. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 MichaelA.Wulder,JeffreyA.Cardille,JoanneC.WhiteandBronwynRayfield ContextandOpportunitiesforExpandingProtectedAreasinCanada Reprintedfrom:Land2018,7,137,doi:10.3390/land7040137. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 v MwangiGithiruandJosephineW.Njambuya GlobalizationandBiodiversityConservationProblems:PolycentricREDD+Solutions Reprintedfrom:Land2019,8,35,doi:10.3390/land8020035 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 MelanieZurba,KarenBeazley,EmilieEnglishandJohannaBuchmann-Duck IndigenousProtectedandConservedAreas(IPCAs),AichiTarget11andCanada’sPathwayto Target1:FocusingConservationonReconciliation Reprintedfrom:Land2019,8,10,doi:10.3390/land8010010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 AnneliEkblom,AnnaShoemaker,LindseyGillson,PaulLaneandKarl-JohanLindholm ConservationthroughBioculturalHeritage—ExamplesfromSub-SaharanAfrica Reprintedfrom:Land2019,8,5,doi:10.3390/land8010005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 vi About the Special Issue Editors Karen Beazley School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, 6100 University Ave., P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada. Interests: biodiversity conservation;protectedareasystemdesign;conservationbiology;landscapeecology;roadecology; Indigenousperspectives;environmentaljustice. Robert Baldwin Forestry and Environmental Conservation Department, 261 Lehotsky Hall, ClemsonUniversity, Clemson, SouthCarolina29634, USA.Interests: biodiversity; landscape-scale conservationplanning;wetlandlandscapes;habitatconnectivity. vii Preface to ”Biodiversity and Protected Areas” Protected areas are key to biodiversity conservation. While the value of protected areas is generally undisputed, challenges remain. Many areas designated as protected were created for objectivesotherthanbiodiversityconservation, andthoseobjectivescanconflictwithbiodiversity conservation. Protected area legal status is, in many cases, impermanent. Protected areas are generallytoosmall,isolated,andfewtoconservebiodiversityontheirown,andthustherearecalls forconnectedconservationareasbetweenthem, andfortheirintegrationintobroaderlandscapes andseascapes[1]. Thereisageneralconsensusthatthecurrentglobalsuiteofprotectedareasis insufficienttoprotectbiodiversity.Althoughthereisnopreciseprescriptionforhowmuchwouldbe enough,systematicconservationplanningstudieshaveindicatedthat25–75%ofaregionisrequired tocapturekeyelementsofbiodiversity[2].Studiesthataddressrangeshiftsandmovementpathways inresponsetoclimatechangerevealevenmoreextensiveareaandconnectivityrequirements.These andotherinsightshavecontributedtorecentcallsfor‘halfEarth’[3]. Thereisanincreasingrecognitionthatnotallofthearearequiredtomaintainbiodiversityis likelytobeaccommodatedwithinprotectedareas.Othereffectivearea-basedmeasures,connectivity, and management of private lands offer potential complements to protected areas, but may also competeforscarceresources. Increasedfocusonframingbiodiversityandprotectedareavaluesin termsofecosystemservicesandhumanwell-beingmaynotalwaysleadtobiodiversityconservation, particularly if narrowly focused on goods and services. There is increasing acknowledgment of the imperative to engage Indigenous communities and recognize their rights to self-governance, territorial lands and resources, including biodiversity, and conservation areas. These and other emergentissuesdemandtransformedapproachestobiodiversityandprotectedareas,whichengage diverse communities and boundary spanning collaborations, and may require new conceptual framings. This Special Issue assembles papers that explore these and other emerging issues around biodiversityandprotectedareas. Wesoughtpapersthatexamineapproachesthatshowpromiseor demonstratesuccessaspotentialnewmodelsandapplicationsthatsupportprogressinbiodiversity conservation and protected areas in an increasingly challenging and complex context. Papers are fromallregionsoftheworld. Ourultimategoalistoidentifynewwaysofmovingforwardina contextofincreasingurgency. Reference 1. UnitedNations. StrategicPlanforBiodiversity2011–2020includingAichiBiodiversityTargets. 2010.Availableonline:https://www.cbd.int/sp/. 2. Noss,R.F.;Cooperrider,A.SavingNature’sLegacy:ProtectingandRestoringBiodiversity;Island Press:Washington,DC,USA,1994. 3. Wilson, E.O.HalfEarth: OurPlanet’sFightforLife; WWNorton&Company: NewYork, NY, USA,2016. KarenBeazley,RobertBaldwin SpecialIssueEditors ix