Between Empire and Alliance: America and Europe during the Cold War

221 Pages·2003·12.46 MB·English

by  Marc Trachtenberg

BetweenE mpire
and Alliance
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
BetweenE mpire
andA lliance
Americaa ndE urope
duringt heC oldW ar
Editedb y
Marc Trachtenberg
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS,I NC.
banham Boulder New York Oxford
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Library of CongresCs ataloging-in-PublicatiDoant a
Betweene mpirea nda lliance: Americaa ndE uroped uringt he coldw ar /
editedb y Marc Trachtenberg.
p. cm.
Includesb ibliographicarel ferenceasn d index.
ISBN 0-7425-2176-1( cloth: alk. paper)--ISBN 0-7425-2177-X( pbk.:
alk. paper)
1. ColdW ar. 2. UnitedS tatesForeigrenl ations-Soviet Union.3 .
SovietU nion-Foreign relations-United States4. . World
politics-1945- 5. North AtlanticT reatyO rganization-History6. .
Europe-Politics andg overnment-1945- I. TrachtenbergM,a rc, 1946-
D843 .B48652 003
9098 2’5-4~12 2002013054
Printedin the UnitedS tateso f America
WM
The paperu sedi n thisp ublicationm eetst he minimumr equirementosf
AmericanN ationalS tandardfo r InformationS ciencesPermanenocf eP aper
for PrintedL ibraryM aterialsA, NSI/NISO 239.48-1932.
Contents
Introduction vii
Marc Trachtenberg
AmericaE, urope,a ndG ermanR earmamenAt, ugust-September
1950:A Critiqueo f a Myth 1
Marc Trachtenberagn dC hristopheGr ehrz
“A GeneralN amedE isenhowerA”:t lanticC risisa ndt he Origins
of the EuropeanE conomicC ommunity 33
Paul M. Pilman
Trigger-happPy rotestanMt aterialistsT?h e EuropeanC hristian
Democratsa ndt he UnitedS tates 63
WolframK aiser
The UnitedS tatesa ndt he Openingt o the Left, 1953-1963 83
LeopoldoN uti
Hegemonyo r VulnerabilityG?i scardB, all, andt he 1962
Gold StandstiPll roposal 99
FruncisJ . Gavina nd Erin Mahan
WesternE uropea ndt heA mericanC hallengeC: onflicta nd
Cooperatioinn Technologya ndM onetaryP olicy,1 96-1973 127
HubertZ immermann
GeorgesP ompidoua ndU .% -EuropeanR elations 157
Georges-HenrSi outou
Index 201
Aboutt he Contributors 209
V
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Introduction
Marc Trachtenberg
Thisi s a booka boutU S.-Europeanre lationsd uringt he mosti ntensep hase
of the Cold War, the quarter-centufrryo ma bout1 950 to 1974.F or the Euro-
peansa t that time,t heirr elationshiwp ith Americaw as of fundamentaiml -
portanceT. he “Americafa ctor”p layeda far-reachinrgo le in shapingth eir
policiesa, nd indeedi n shapingth eir relationsw ith eacho ther.T he United
Statesw ast he protectoor f WesternE uropet;h e freedomo f Europei,t was
generallyb elievedd, ependedo n Americanm ilitaryp ower.B ut a relation-
shipo f dependencwea sa lwaysa sourceo f uneaseH. ow couldE uroped e-
pends oh eavilyo n a non-Europeapno wer,n o matterh oww ell intentioned,
for the defenseo f its mostv ital interestsW?o uldn’ti t makes ensefo r the Eu-
ropeanc ountrietso comet ogethear s a politicalu nit-for Europet o organ-
ize itself and becomes trongers, o that Europew ouldn ot be so dependent
onA mericaT?h isp roblemw aso f absolutelcye ntrailm portanceT.h e “Amer-
ica factor”w ast husb oundt o play a majorr ole in Europeanh istoryin that
perioda, ndi n particulairn the historyo f Europeanin tegration.
But thea ctuarl olei t playedd ependeod nt hes pecificp oliciesth eU S. gov-
ernmenpt ursuedT.h osep oliciesi,t turnso ut,h ada profounde ffecto n what
wasg oingo n withinE uropeT. he articlesin thisb ookw erea ll writteni nde-
pendentloyf eacho therT. herew asn oo veralal gendath atl aido utt het hemes
the variousa uthorsw eret o developI.t is therefores trikingth atm osto f the
contributorhse res trestsh ew ay dissatisfactiownit h Americaa ffected-oneis
temptedto say,l ay at the hearto f 4 eE uropeanin tegrationp rocessP. aul
Pitman,f or examples, tressetsh e way dissatisfactiownit h the UnitedS tates
had beenb uildingu p in manya reas-politicale, conomica nd strategic-in
the mid-1950sh; e arguesth att hosef eelingsp layeda key role in the process
thatl edt o theT reatieso f Rome.W olframK aisern otest hea mbivalencoef the
vii
viii Introduction
EuropeanC hristianD emocratsto wardA merica-their senset hat although
their interestos verlappedE,u ropea ndA mericaw erec ulturallyd istincta, nd
that Europet hereforeh ad to pursuea policyo f her own in world affairs,a
policyt hat was rootedi n her own distinctivvea lues.H ubertZ immermann
and Georges-HenSrio utoub oth emphasizeth e impacto f America’sra ther
cavalierm onetaryp olicyd uringt he Nixon periodo n the Europeanin tegra-
tion processa t thatt ime.A nd the articleC hristopheGr ehrza ndI wroted is-
cussedth ew ay in whicha bare-knuckleAdm ericanp olicyi n late1 950l edt he
Frencha ndt he Germansto seet hatt heyh adm ajori nterestisn commoni,n -
terestss omewhadt stinctf rom thoseo f the UnitedS tatesw; hatt hise pisode
suggestewda st hatb y comingt ogethert,h eE uropeanms ightb e ablet o pro-
vides omethinogf a counterweightot Americanp owerw ithint heW esterna l-
liance.
All of thisi s importanbt ecausteh eb asica rgumenht erei s at variancew ith
a commonv iew of the US.-Europeanr elationshidpu ringt he ColdW ar pe-
riod, and in particulawr ith a commonin terpretatioonf the originso f Euro-
peani ntegrationT.h is is the idea that the Americans ecurityg uaranteaen d
theC old War politicasl ystemin generalla rgelyd epoliticizerde lationasm ong
the majorW est Europeans tatest:h eyn o longerh adt o worry aboutp rovid-
ing for their own securitya nd thusn o longerh ad to worry aboutr elative
poweri n theird ealingws ith eacho thera, ndt hatm eantt hatt heyc ouldn ow
cooperatwe ith eacho therm uchm oree asilyi n the economisc pherea ndi n
othera reasT. hey could,i n otherw ords,g et on with the businesosf Euro-
peani ntegratiobne causteh e politicasl takesw eren o longerv ery high.’B ut
the thrusto f the argumenitn manyo f the articlesh erei s thatf or the Euro-
peanst he politicals takesw erev ery high.T he goalo f buildingE uropew as
not rootedi n an acceptancoef the fact that the Europeans tatesc ouldn o
longerp lay a major politicalr ole and that they shouldt hereforefo cuso n
economicc ooperationIt. wasr ootedi nsteadin the senseth atb uildingE u-
ropew asa way for the Europeantso reclaimt heirp oliticala utonomy.
But as fundamentaals thatg oalw as,t he alliancew ith Americaw asa lso
very importanst,o t hroughoutht isp eriodt, heE uropeannse ededto balance
betweenth osetw o aims:r eachingfo r greatear utonomayn dm aintainintgh e
tie with the United StatesH. ow that balancew as struckd ependedo n cir-
cumstancseo, a s circumstancsehs lftedt,h e US.-Europeanre lationshihpa d
to adjustto thosec hangesT.h e relationshiipts elf,t hati s, changedo vert ime,
andt hes toryo f how it developedis morec omplexa ndr ichlyt exturedth an
onem ights uppose.
The basics tructuroef US.-Europeanre lationsin, otherw ordsw, asb y no
meanss et in concretein the late 1940s. The importandt evelopmentthsa t
‘See especiallyK enneth Waltz. 7beofyof InternationalP olitics( New York McCraw-Hill,
19791,p p. 70-71. and JoseJf offe,“ Europe’sA mericanP acifier,”F oreignP oky,n o. 54 (1984),
pp. 67-68.
Introduction xi
took placei n the 1950s,t he 1960sa nd early 1970sh ad a certainl ogic to
them,a logic,a s LeopoldoN uti stresseisn his articleh ere,t hatc ano nly be
understoobdy lookinga t botht he domestica ndt hef oreignp olicys ideso f
the storya nda nalyzingth eir connectionwsi th eacho ther.A nd therew as a
real storyh ere;t hingsc ouldh ave gonei n all kindso f differentd irections.
Whate mergesfr omt hiss erieso f articlesis a senseth ate venw hatw e assume
to be fundamentapl oliciesw ere not sacrosanct-thata ttitudesc ouldS M
dramaticallyth, at far-reachingsh iftsi n policyc ouldr arelyb e ruled out.A s
FrancisG avina ndE rin Mahans how,f or examplet, heK ennedya dministra-
tion wasb y no meansc ommittedto the Bretton Woodms onetaryr egimea s
a fundamentaell emento f a U.S.-dominatesdy stemb, ut wasi nsteadin clined
to view BrettonW oodsa s a kind of albatrossit; was far moreo pent o fun-
damentacl hangein this key areat han peopleh ave generallyr ecognized.
They alsos howh ow,d uringt he Kennedyp eriod,t he Frenchg overnment
(or at leastt he Frenchm inisteor f finance)w asn ot out to destroyth isd ollar-
basedm onetarys ystemt,h e supposesdy mbolo f Americanh egemonyb, ut
was insteadq uitei nterestedin shoringu p thes ystema ndp ursuinga policy
of monetaryc ooperationw ith the United StatesA. nd Soutoui,n an article
drawingo ns omen ewa ndq uitee xtraordinarFyr encha ndA mericana rchival
sourcess, howsh ow differentb oth the Pompidoua ndt he Nixon-Kissinger
policiesw eref romt hep oliciesth ath adp recededth em.P erhapsth em ostr e-
markablefi ndingh erew ash owf ar thingsh adm ovedd uringt heP ompidou-
Nixon periodi n thea reao f nuclearw eaponsc ooperation-a very important
developmentth at reflectedf undamentaslh iftsi n basicp oliticalt hinkingi n
both countries.
Onem ightt hink,g ivent he manyb ooksa nda rticlesth at haveb eenp ub-
lishedo nU S.-Europeanr elationsd uringt heC oldW ar periodt,h atn ot much
remainsto be saido n the subjectB. ut takena s a whole,w hat thesea rticles
showi s how misleadingth at sorto f assumptiocna nb e. Archivalr esearch,
eveno nt he earlyC oldW ar, cans tilly ield importannt ew insightsa;n dw ork
on the later period,e speciallyth e early 1970sc, anp rofoundlyre shapeo ur
understandinogf whatw asg oingo n.A nd with the openingin recenty ears
of importantn ew archivals ourceso n both sideso f the Atlantic,o ne can
safelyp redictt hatw e will be learninga goodd ealm orea boutt he subjecitn
then earf uture.
Mosto f the contributionhse rew ereo riginallyp ublishedin theJ ournalo f
EuropeanIn tegratioiHi istoy ,v ol. 6, number2 (2000);s omeo f thema rer e-
publishedh erei n slightlyr evisedfo rm.I wouldl ike to thankt heyournaaln d
its editorsa ndp ublishefro r allowingu s to republishth osea rticlesh ere,a nd
I am particularliyn debtedto ProfessoCr harlesB arthefl or all the helph e has
givenu sw ith thisp roject.