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INTERNATIONAL EDITION—Not for Sale in the U.S.A. UNDERSTANDING AND USING Encusi GRAMMAR ThirdEdiion = = | © Edition UNDERSTANDING AND USING fF we NGLISH GRAMMAR Third Edition Betty Schrampfer Azar ‘Understanding and Using English Grammar, Third Baltion ‘wih Answer Key ‘Copyright © 2002 by Beuy Scrampfer Azar ‘Allens reserved, [No par of dis pubistion may be reproduced, Sore na resea sate, or wansmtes [ery foc or by any mean, ecto, mechanical, Phorecopying, record, or ober, ‘without the pie writen permision ofthe publisher, Pearson Eduction, 10 Bank Stet, White Pains, NY 10606 ‘Vice president, iret of publishing: Allen Ascher Editorial manager: arn Fishman Project manager: Margo Grant Delopment er: Jatt jston ‘Vice presides diet of design and production: Rhea Banker Director of elecronic production: Aan Greebia Executive managing edo: Linda Moser Production manager: ay Keating Postion ei Robert Revo Director of manufacturing: Paice Fracio ‘Seti manufacturing buyer: Dave Dickey ‘Cover desi: Mona Popo "The Library of Congres has etloged he book as follows: ‘Aa, ty Seamer ‘Undentnng ad using Engh grammar ety Sehampler Azar Set Engh anges languge-Ceummar- “Problems, cece Tie PEIOEAT? 958 snares ‘are “Gea cP ISBN 0-13-097605.9 (Regul Eon) 5 9 10 11 12-CRK-10 09 08 07 06 [ISBN 0-13-193305-1 (nein! Eton) 456789 10.CRKO7 06 In memoriam ‘To my wonderful parents, Frances Nies Schrampfer 3) and V. William H. Schrampfer, who set me on my path. CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 (OVERVIEW OF VERB TENSES PRESENT AND PAST, SIMPLE AND PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE STATIVEVERBS AMISARE BEING ADIeCTIVE ‘REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF - ENDINGS IRREGULAR VERS: AN ALPHABETICAL LIST. TROUBLESOME VERS: RAISE RISE, SETISIT, LAVILEE SIMPLE PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE USING PROGRESSIVE VERS WITH ALWA¥S'TO COMPLAIN USING EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE WITH PROGRESSIVE VERBS PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE FUTURE TIME SIMPLE FUTURE: WELL AND BE GOING TO Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 [ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME AND REVIEW OF VERB TENSES 5:1. ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME: FORM 52 USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIPS SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 6-1 FINAL ~S-B8) USE, PRONUNCIATION, AND SPELLING (62. BASIC SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 63. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY 64. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE 65 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: SOME IRREGULARITIES NOUNS 7-1 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS 42. POSSESSIVE NOUNS 75. USING NOUNS AS MODIFIERS 44 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS 45 NONCOUNT NOUNS. 456 SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS. 47 BASIC ARTICLE USAGE ‘478 GENERAL GUIDELINES POR ARTICLE USAGE 419 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY Ho USING 4 FEW AND FEW, A LITTLE AND LITTLE TAL USING OF IN EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY. 12 ALL (OF) AND BOTH (OF) 713 SINGULAR EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ONE, EACH, EVERY PRONOUNS 5:1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS, 5.2 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: AGREEMENT WITH GENERIC NOUNS AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 1:3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS: AGREEMENT WITH COLLECTIVE NOUNS. 5:4 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 5:5. USING ¥0U, ONE, AND THEY AS IMPERSONAL PRONOUNS. 5:6 FORMS OF OTHER 5:7 COMMON EXPRESSIONS WITH OTHER : MODALS, PART 1 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9-2. POLITE QUESTIONS WITH I ASTHE SUBECT 9.3 POLITE QUESTIONS WITH YOU AS THE SUBIECT 5-4 POLITE REQUESTS WITH WOULD YOU MIND. 9.3 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOTO 5.6 LACK OF NECESSITY AND PROHIBITION: HAVE TO AND MUST "THE NEGATIVE 9.7 ADVISABILITY: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER 5.4 THE PAST FORM OF SHOULD. 59. EXPECTATIONS: BE SUPPOSED TO 9-10 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET'S, WHY DON'T, SHALL 1WE DULL MAKING SUGGESTIONS: COULD¥s. SHOULD vill conreNts ay n Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 MODALS, PART 2 Jol DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PRESENT TIME 10:2 DEGREES OF CEKTAINTY: PRESENT TIME NEGATIVE 103 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: PAST TIME 104 DEGREES OF CERTAINTY: FUTURE TIME. 105 PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS 1046 ABILITY: CAN AND COULD 10.7 USING WOULD TO EXPRESS A REPEATED ACTION INTHE PAST [08 EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: WOULD RATHER 10.9. COMBINING MODALS WITH PHRASAL MODALS. 10-10 SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS THE PASSIVE ‘FORMING THE PASSIVE. USING THE PASSIVE INDIRECT OBJECTS USED AS PASSIVE SUBJECTS "THE PASSIVE FORM OF MODALS AND PHRASAL MODAIS. SSTATIVE PASSIVE COMMON STATIVE PASSIVE VERS + PREPOSITIONS ‘THE PASSIVEWITH GET : DPARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES NOUN CLAUSES 121 INTRODUCTION 122 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WIT A QUESTION WoRD 125. NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH WHETHER OR IE. 124 QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES 125 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH THAT 124 QUOTED SPEECH 127 REPORTED SPEECH. VERA FORMS IN NOUN CLAUSES. 128 USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES 129, USING -EVER WORDS ‘ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 11 INTRODUCTION 15:2 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE SUmECT 1553 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB 1344 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED ASTHE OBJECT OF ‘APREPOSITION «= 135 USUAL PATTERNS OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 136 USING WHOSE 1G-7 USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: 15-8 USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 15.9 USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS, 13-10 PUNCTUATING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 15-11 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES. 15-12 USING NOUN + OF WHICH 13-13 USING WHICH TO MODIFY AWHOLE SENTENCE 13-14 REDUCING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO ADJECTIVE. PHRASES: INTRODUCTION 13:15 CHANGING AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE'TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE ‘CONTENTS ‘Chapter 14 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 1 141 GERUNDS: INTRODUCTION ea 142 _ USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS 298 13 COMMON PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS |... 299 14 COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS. joa 143 GO GERUND. x03 166 SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED RY -ING os 17 COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES. s07 '§ COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVES OR GERUNDS... 311 149. REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS ae 1-10 REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE a9 ICAL FP + INFINITIVE, GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES AS SUBJECTS. cy ‘Chapter 18 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES, PART 2 ] 15:1 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO 26 15:2 ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES 28 153 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH 30 ct PASSIVE AND PAST FORMS OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS 3 155 USING GERUNDS OR PASSIVE INFINITIVES FOLLOWING NEED. a 16 USING A POSSESSIVE TO MODIFY A GERUND co 15-7_USING VERBS OF PERCEPTION. 336 158 USING THE SIMPLE FORM AFTER LET AND HELP 338 15.9 USING CAUSATIVE VERBS: MAKE, HAVE, GET a8 Chapter 16 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS 16-1 PARALLEL STRUCTURE ue 16:2 USING PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS. BOTH... AND} NOT ONLY. ‘BUT ALSO; EITHER ... OR; NEITHER ... NOR 383 163 COMBINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSESWITH COORDINATING ‘CONTUNCTIONS 385 Chapter 17 ADVERB CLAUSES 17-1 INTRODUCTION . 59 17.2 USING ADVERR CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND BFFECT 3a 17-3. EXPRESSING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT) USING EVEN THOUGH, 1 12-4 SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST: WHILE AND WHEREAS. x6 ‘5 EXPRESSING CONDITIONS IN ADVERB CLAUSES. CLAUSES cr 1746 ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING WHETHER OR NOT AND EVENTE xe 17-7 ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING IN CASE AND INTHE EVENT THAT x0 17.8 ADVERE CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING UNLESS: a0 17.8 ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION: USING ONLY IP m Chapter 18 REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO MODIFYING. ‘ADVERBIAL PHRASES 181 INTRODUCTION a4 182 CHANGING TIME CLAUSES TO MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES m5 183 EXPRESSING THE IDEA OF "DURING THE SAME TIME" IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES 316 18:4 EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT IN MODIFYING. ADVERBIAL PHRASES. m6 185 USING UPON + =ING IN MODIFYING ADVERBIAL PHRASES. 380 x CONTENIS ‘Chapter 19 CONNECTIVES THAT EXPRESS CAUSE AND EFFECT, ‘CONTRAST, AND CONDITION. 1041 USING BECAUSE OF AND DUETO 395 192 USING TRANSITIONS TO SHOW CAUSE AND ERECT: THEREFORE AND CONSEQUENTLY 387 193 SUMMARY OF PATTERNS AND PUNCTUATION 389 194 OTHERWAYS OF EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT: ‘SUCH... THAT AND SO... THAT. so 19.5 EXPRESSING PURPOSE: USING SO THAT. 393 19-6 SHOWING CONTRAST (UNEXPECTED RESULT) 395 19-7 SHOWING DIRECT CONTRAST. 398 19-8 EXPRESSING CONDITIONS; USING OTHERWISE AND OR (ELSE) o 19:9 SUMMARY OF CONNECTIVES: CAUSE AND EFFECT, CONTRAST, CONDITION 402 ‘Chapter 20 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISHES 20-1 OVERVIEW OF BASIC VERH FORMS USED IN, (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 202 TRUE INTHE PRESENT OR FUTURE. 20-3 UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) INTHE PRESENT OR FUTURE. 204 UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) INTHE PAST. 12055 USING PROGRESSIVE VERB FORMS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 20-6. USING “MIXED TIME” IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 207 OMITIING IF 20-8 IMPLIED CONDITIONS| 309 USING AS IFAS THOUGH 30-10 VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH 20.11 USING MOULD TO MAKE WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE ‘Appendix. SUPPLEMENTARY GRAMMAR UNITS Unt A: BASIC GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY ‘AcL_- SUBJECTS, VERS, AND OBJECTS a ‘82 PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES oo ‘3 ADIECTIVES M AS THEVERD i fe 6 _LINKING VERBS fe Unt 8: QUESTIONS B:1. FORMS OF YESINO AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS. as B2 QUESTION WORDS, i B3 SHORTENED YESINO QUESTIONS a B4 NEGATIVE QUESTIONS a3 BS _TAG QUESTIONS, a3 Unit: CONTRACTIONS a7 UnitD: NEGATIVES D:l_ USING NOT AND OTHER NEGATIVEWORDS. ae Ba AVOIDING DOURLE NEGATIVES, m0 D3_ BEGINNING A SENTENCE WITH A NEGATIVE WORD 0 Uni E: PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS. E_PREPOSTTION COMBINATIONS WITH ADJECTIVES AND VERBS at Unit F: CONNECTIVES TO GIVE EXAMPLES AND TO CONTINUE AN IDEA. El CONNECTIVES TO GIVE EXAMPLES n8 F.2__ CONNECTIVES TO CONTINUE THE SAME iDEA ry ‘Unt G: VERS FORM REVIEW EXERCISES ry ANSWER KEY. sosren ev INDEX oes | Preface to the A Talicoll xe liifoya) Understanding and Using English Grammar isa developmental skills text for intermediate to ‘advanced students of English asa second ot foreign language. While focusing on grammar, ic promotes the development ofall language skills in a variety of ways. It unctions principally asa classroom teaching text but also serves ab a comprehensive reference text for students. ‘The eclectic approach and abundant variety of exercise material remain the same ain the earlier editions, but each new edition incorporates new ways and means. In particular: + ‘The communicative aspects of Understanding and Using Englch Grammar are more fully developed and explicit in the thid edition. There are numerous “real communication” opporcunitis for the teacher to exploit. The text often uses the students’ own life experiences as context and regularly introduces topics of interest to stimulate the free expression of ides in structured as wel as open discussions. “The text supports the view of many experienced teachers that grammar-based and ‘communicative approaches are not mutually exclusive, but rather mutually supportive, and can advantageously co-exist in the same language program, even in ‘the same class even in the same lesson. ‘Similarly, the interactive aspects ofthe text receive greater emphasis in the third edition. Many of the exercises formerly designated ORAL oF ORAL. (BOOKS CLOSED) are now reformatted to be more clearly available for pair work or group work, in daition to still being viable as class work led by a teacher. This edition encourages interactivity but leaves it open forthe users to decide what degree of interactivity ‘est suits their needs. “There is now an even wider variety of exercise types. This edition has a larger number offree-response exercises and open-ended communicative task, while sil providing ample contolled-responte exercises to ai inital understanding of the form, meaning, and usage of the target structures. I also includes more writing topics, more speaking activites, expanded error analysis exercises, and additional cextended-context exercises + Long chapters have been broken into shorter units, and certain grammar units have been reorganized. ‘The bitd soaring upward and forward on the cover ofthis new edition i a swallow. Found throughout the world, swallows are joyful, playful, energetic birds whose comings ‘and goings announce changes inthe seasons. Like the butterfly on the second edition, the ‘swallow on this edition signals new beginnings-—as student, teacher, and text writer come together in our shared journey toward the leaning of a new language