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Berlitz Dictionary Japanese-English English-Japanese Berlitz Publishing Union. NJ Munich Singapore • • Originaleditionedited bytheLangenscheidtEditorialStaff Compiled byLEXUSLtd. Insetcoverphoto: © Punchstock/Medioimages Neitherthepresencenortheabsenceofadesignation thatanyenteredwordconstitutesatrademarkshould beregarded asaffectingthelegalstatusofanytrademark. ©2004Berlitz Publishing/APAPublicationsGmbH&Co.verlag KG SingaporeBranch,Singapore All rightsreserved g TrademarkReg. U.S. PatentOfficeandothercountries. Marca Registrada. 90 used underlicensefrom BerlitzinvestmentCorporation. & 80 Berlitz Publishing 60 95 ProgressStreet Union, NJ07083 ,9 USA S t; Printed InCermany •£ ISBN981-246-414-X .1 Preface Here isanewdictionaryofEnglishandJapanese, atool with some 40,000 references for those who work with the English and Japanese languages atbeginner's orintermediatelevel. Focusing on modern usage, the dictionary offers coverage of everyday language, including vocabulary from areas such as computersandbusiness. The Japanese in this dictionary is written both in Japanese characters and in aromanized pronunciation system- a modified version ofthe standard Hepburn. The two sides of this dictionary, the English-Japanese and the Japanese-English, arequite differentin structure andpurpose. The English-Japanese is designed for productive usage, for self- expression in Japanese. The Japanese-English, which can also be accessed through the Joyo Kanji index, is adecoding dictionary, a dictionary to enable the native speaker ofEnglish to understand Japanese. Clarity ofpresentation has been a majorobjective. The editors of this bookhave setout to provide the means toenable you, the user of the dictionary, to get straight to the translation that fits a particular context of use. Is the mouse you need for your computer, for example, the same in Japanese as the mouse you don't want in the house? Isflimsyreferring tofurniture the same in Japanese asflimsy referring to an excuse? The English-Japanese dictionary is rich in sense distinctions like this and in translation options tied to specific, identified senses. Grammatical orfunction words are treated in some detail, on both the English-Japanese and the Japanese-English sides. And a large number of idiomatic phrases are given to show how the two languages correspond in context. All in all, this is a book full ofinformation, which will, we hope, become a valuable part ofyour language toolkit. Contents How to use the dictionary 5 Pronunciation ofJapanese 9 Abbreviations 10 Joyo Kanji 11 Hiragana and KatakanaTable 31 Japanese-English 33 English-Japanese 287 Numbers and Dates 672 How to use the dictionary Togetthemostoutofyourdictionaryyoushouldunderstandhowandwhere tofindtheinformationyouneed.Whetheryouareyourselfwritingatextin JapaneseorwantingtounderstandatextwritteninJapanese,thefollowing pagesshouldhelp. 1. How and where do I find a word? 1.1 English headwords.TheEnglishwordlistisarrangedinalphabetical order. Sometimesyoumightwanttolookuptermsmadeupoftwoseparate words,forexampleantivirusprogram,orhyphenatedwords,forexample absent-mlndea. rhesewordsaretreatedasthoughtheywereasingle wordandtheiralphabeticalorderingreflectsthis.Compoundwordslike bookseller,bookstall,bookstorearealsolistedinalphabeticalorder. TheonlyexceptiontothisstrictalphabeticalorderingismadeforEnglish phrasalverbs-wordslike gooff, goout, goup.Thesearepositioned directlyaftertheirmainverb(inthiscasego),ratherthanbeingscattered arounain alphabeticalpositions. 1.2 Japanese headwords. TheJapanesewordlistisarrangedinEnglish alphabeticalorderbybeingsortedontheromanizationsystemorromaji. Soifyouknowhowaworaispronounced,orhowitiswritteninromaji, youcanlookitupstraightforwardly. If,however,you are decodingaJapanese character,and have no idea howitispronouncedorwritteninromaji,thenyoucanmakeuseofone ofthethreeindexesofJapanesecharacters.Theseindexesareonpages 11-32. 1.3 Runningheads Ifyou are looking for an English oraJapanese word youcan use the runningheadsprintedinboldinthetopcomerofeachpage.Therunning headonthelefttellsyouthefirstheadwordontheleft-handpageandthe oneon the righttellsyouthelastheadwordon theright-handpage. 2. Swung dashes 2.1 A swungdash (~) replacesthe entire headwordwhen the headwordis repeatedwithin an entry: slyzurui on the - kossori to Hereonthe~meansonthesly. 2.2 Whenaheadwordchangesforminanentry,forexampleifitisputinthe past tenseorin the plural,then thepasttenseorpluralendingisadded totheswungdash-butonlyiftherestoftheworddoesn'tchange: ; fluster v/imenkurawaseru > get~edurotaeru Bui: horrify: /washorrified/.ottoshimashita 11 1 2.3 Headwordsmadeupoftwo,orsometimesthree,wordsarereplacedby asingle swungdash: hold on v// (wait)matsu TELECkiranaide matsu now-aminute!chottomatte come in on>adealkeiyakunisankasuru 3. What do the different typefaces mean? 3.1 All Japanese and English headwords and the Arabic numerals dif- . ferentiatingEnglishpartsofspeechappearinbold: alcoholic n arukoru-chadoku-kanja 2^/' arukoru-iri (no) 3.2 italicsare usedfor a) abbreviatedgrammatical labels:adj,aav, vli, vltetc b)alltheindicatingwordswhicharethesignpostspointingtothecorrect translationforyourneeds c) explanations mailbox {instreet) posuto {ofhouse) yubin'uke COMPUTmerubokkusu Thai adjTai (no) () 2n {person) Tai-jin {language) Tai-go serve n {intennis) sabu 2 v…ltfood, mealdasu customerinshop ...noyo…oukagau oaz 5country, thepeople... nitsukaeru ashi leg {oftableetc) atashi I {usedmainlybywomen) ' na (formsadjectives): () okt/ y6 (na) cowardly 3.3 Allphrases(examplesandidioms)aregiveninsecondarybolditalics: sonshitsu loss; sonshitsuodasumake aloss linguist (professional)gengo-gakusha &' she'sagood- kanojowagaikokugogajozuda ( f T 3.4 Thenormaltvpefaceisusedforthe translations. 3.5 Ifa translation isgiven in italics, and not in the normal typeface, this meansthatthetrans-lationismoreofanexplanationintheotherlanguage and that an explanation has to be given because there is no real equivalent: banker's card chekku kado, kogitteotsukaii tokinihiisuvo kikio tanshinfunin livin};awayfrom one'sfamilyafterajob transfer 1 1 4. What do the various symbols and abbreviations tell you? 4.1 A solidblack lozenge isusedtoidentifyaphrasal…verb: auctionoff...okyobainikaketeshobunsuru 4.2 A white lozenge is used to divide up longer entries into more easily digestedchunksofrelatedbitsoftext: a an (notranslation):acatneko anappleringo (with countword):apencilandaneraserenpitsuippontokeshigomu ikko$' fivemenanda0wo$ma5n0go-ninno otokotohitorinoonna 3'€^ ikkaigojudoru oncea weekisshukan ni ikkai It is also used,in the Japanese-English dictionary,to split different translationswhenthe partofspeechofeachtranslationisdifferent: iraira suru frustrating; nerve-racking getworked up kaibatsu altitude;elevation abovesea level 4.3 TheabbreviationFtellsyouthatthewordorphraseisusedcolloquially ratherthan in formal contexts. The abbreviationV warnsyouthat a wordorphraseisvulgarortaboo. Becarefulhowyouusethesewords. TheabbreviationHmeansthatthewordisusedtomakeyourselfhumble before thepersonyouare speakingto. 4.4 AcolonbeforeanEnglishorJapanesewordorphrasemeansthatusage isrestricted tothisspecificexample (at leastasfarasthisdictionary's choice ofvocabulary isconcerned): accord:ofone'sown -jihatsuteki ni shidai: ana shidaidesuit'suptoyou 4.5 ThelettersXandYareusedtoindicateinsertionpointsforotherwords ifyouare buildingacomplete sentence inJapanese,forexample: get away v/i(leave) tachisaru 2 vlt:getXawayfrom YY kara XotoriageruY X sh…oestring:doXona - shogaku-shikindeXsuru X Suspensionpoints(...)are use…dinasimilarway: below prep … noshita ni {inamount, rate, level) ... ikani 5. Does the dictionary deal with grammar too? 5.1 All Englishheadwordsaregivenapartofspeechlabel,unless,innormal modern English,theheadwordisonlyusedasonepartofspeechandso noconfusion orambigu"ity ispossible. In thesecasesnopartofspeech label is needed. abolish haishisuru f lastly saigo ni iti 1 8 But: gloryn eiko (n given bec(ause 'glory' could be averb) owni v/tshoyu suru given because 'own' is also an adjective) 5.2 Japanese headwords are not given part ofspeech labels.Where their Englishtranslationscanbeofmorethanonepartofspeech,thenthese areseparatedbyawhitelozenge.Forexample: kotonaru differ dissimilar ' mj maefront before;ago 5.3 WhereaJapanesewordhasagrammaticalfunction,thisisillustrated: -na (forms negative imperative): wasiyreru-zia don't … forget (foremphasis): kireidanait'sbeautiful,…isn'tit! ka (questionparticle) /•/•desukaisitOK?0: … ka ... ka either ... or... 5.4 Objectparticles Objectparticlessuch as 'no' and 'ni are includedwith translationsof transitiveverbsintheEnglish-Japanesehalfofthedictionary.Ifanobject particleisnotgiven,thenyo/ucanassumethatthecorrectparticletouse is 'o. … / win 2vlt...nikatsu ry,wowe ateru Inphrasalverbstheobjectparticleisalway…sgiven. liveon v/trice,bread...otabeteikiru 6. (no) and (na): WheretheJapanesetranslationofanadjectiveisgivenwith(no)or(na) the general rule is thatthe 'no' or 'na, isonlyusedifthe adjective is placedbeforeitsnoun: quiet shizuka (na) () a quietroom shizuka na heya theroom wasquietheyawashizukadeshita { flowerypattern hanamoyo (no) () flowerydress hanamoyo nodoresu thedressisflowerydoresuwahanamoyodesu 7. Verbs of activity and verbs of being Thetranslationofsomebasicprepositions(orpostpositionsinJapanese) dependsonthetypeofverbusedwiththepreposition.Verbsofactivity areverbs like:work, run,eat,verbsofbeingareverbslike: live,be. /usedtoworkin Tokyowatashi waTokyodc halaraite imashita ' doeshestilllivein Tokyo? kare wa mada kv(—)ni sunde imasu ka V ' ili fl: