BD 111 632 niv., Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior Reserve Office 41104ting

70 Pages·2007·1.39 MB·English

DOCUMENT, RESUME
BD 111 632
SE 018 058
AUTHOR
Hall, Arthur D.
TITLE.
Human Requirements of Flight. Aeiftospace Education
III. Instructional Unit IV.
INSTITUTION
niv., Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior Reserve Office
41104ting
Corps.
REPORT'NO
AE-3-7304
PUB DATE
Apr 74
Non
.
0p.; For the accompanying textbook, see SE 0111,
7057
.,
EDRS PRICE
MF-$0.76 HC-$3.32 Plus Postage
DESCRIPTORS
*Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology;
'Biological Influences; Biological Sciences; *Biology;
Course Organization; Human Body; *Instructional
.
Materials; Physical Sciences; *Physiology;. Secondary
Education; Teaching Guides; Unit Plan
IDENTIFIBBS
*Air Force Junior ROTC
.
ABSTRACT
111&
This curriculum guide is prepared for the AerOspace
Education III-series publication entitted "Hunan Requirements of
Flight." It provides specific guidelines for teachers using the
textbook. The guidelines for each chapter are organized according to
objectives (traditional and behavioral), suggested outline,
orientation, suggested key points, suggestions for teaching,
.instructional aids, projects, and fur,ther rlading. Brief explanations
regarding Major concepts are included. Page references corresponding
to the textbook are given where appropriate. (PS)
-
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I
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
EDUCATION &WELFARE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO-
DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM
THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN
ATING IT POiNTSOF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE
SENTOFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
AE-III-7304
APRIL 1974
EOUCATION POSITIONOR POLICY .
AE -III
INSTRUCTIONAL UNIT IV
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS OF FLIGHT
PREPARED UNDER
THE DIRECTION OF
MAJOR ARTHUR D.1 HALL
1st LT BILL D. BRINK
AEROSPACE EDUCATION CURRICULUM DIRECTORS
v
APRIL' 1974-
INSTRUCTIONAL UNIT IV
HUMAN REQUIREMENTS OF FLIGHT
INSTRUCTIONAL UNIT OBJECTIVES - When thiS book is completed each student
should:
.
Know'the major stresses placed on the human body in flight.
a.
Know the principal milestones in 'the development'of aerospace
b.
medicine and human engineering.
Know how the primary life-support systems protect a4rcrews
c.
and passengers during flight.
Know the additional stresses man faced because of flight in space-.
d.
e.' Know the main biomedical findings made and expecteld on American
...
manned spaceflights.
Be familiar with leading predictions about future human re-
f.
quirements of flight.
INSTRUCTIONAL UNIT IV CHAPTERS:
Page
Physiology of Flight
I.
-
1
II.
Ae.rospace Medicine and Human Engineefing
13
III.
Protective Equiprhent and Pilot Training
21
Surviving and Lilving in Space
IV.
32
The Manned Spaceflights
V.
43
Flight in the
AitUre
VI.
54
7
3
.
APRiL 19/4
N
CHAPTER 1 - PHYSIOLOGY OF FLIGHT
0
?
of
phySI.1,J,
This chapter. summarizes the basic principles of the
It describes the nature, of the different layerS of the
flight.
atmosphere, and it explains how the respiratory and circulatory
systems are affected by reduced pressure. It desc ?ibes the causes
and symptoms,of hypoxia, trapped gas s, and decompression sickness,
also explains
and discusses the effects of rapid detomps
ion.
. It
'the flier's body is
how the eyes function during flight pnd h
tir
affected by disorientatiop and motion sick ess, increased G- force4,
noise and vibration, excessive heat and cold, noxious gases and
vapors, and self-imposed stresses.
OBJECTIVES:
1.
T.radytional - Each student should:
a.
,
physiologi41
Know how the body is affected by flight in each
1)
.
of flight environment.
Know how the human bpdy is affected by reduced pressure
.(2)
Be familiar with the causes and symptoms of hypoxia,
rapped
(3).
gases, and decompression sickness.,
.
health and vision are required of 01
pilots.
why/good
Know
(4)
Be familiar with at least three other stresses 0
flight.
(5)
/
Behavioral - Each student should be able to:
b.
.
.
, -
List the physiological vines and describe ho
the human body
(1)
is alffected by flight within each zone.
Tell how the circulatory'and respiratory stems are affected
.(2)
ET/ decrease in the amount of oxygen in
e atmosphere.
Outline how gases a
trapped in the bu y at high altitudes,
(3)
and tell where th
gases, are most li ely to be trapped.
Describe Aedompression sickness and
w it is related
ell
(4)
to the nitrogen content of the atmosphere and the body.
State why good health.and vision re imp etant to a pilot.
(5)
Name at least three other stres es of flight and tell how the
(6)
Wain body is affected by each
APR41. 1974
SUGGESTED OUTLINE:
2.
Nature of the atmosphere
approximately 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent
Content:
(1)
oxygen, and 1 percent other gases
tropdsphere, stratosphere,
Layers Of the atmosphere:
(2)
ionosphere, and exosphere
physiological zone,
Physiological divisions (zones):
(3)
physiological-deficient zone, partial space-equivalent zone,
and total space-equivalent zone
Physical laws of gases.'
(4)
The volume of a gas is inverly pro-
Boyle's law;.
(a)
portional to its pressure if the temperatulne remains
constant.
The total pressure of a mixture of gaset
Dalton's law:
(b)
is equal to the sum,oethe partial pressure of each gas
in that mixture.
(C) -Henry's law. .The amount of gas in a solution varies
directly with the partial pressure that this gas exerts
on the solution.
Respiration and circulation
b.
'all the steps entailed in
Larger meaning of respiration:
(1)
taking oxygen into the body, carrying Oxygen to the-cells to
suodrt oxidation of food, and removing carbon dioxide from
the body
Close relationof respiration and circulation
(2)
lungs, bronchial tubes, windpipe, mouth,
Respiratory. system:
(3)
and nose
heart and blood vessels
Circulatory system:
(4)
two atria and twd ventricles
Four cavities of the heart:
(a)
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide'within the, body
(b)
inhalation and exhalation,
Respiratory process:
(5)
cfects of reduced pressure at altitude
Hypoxia and hyperventilation; time of useful consciousness
(1)
111
I
APRIL 1974
Trapped ga'ses
(2)
'
no escape 'route for body gases; acts IAW
Cause:
(a)
Boyle's law
,
ears block, sinus block, tooth pain, gases
Effects:
(b)
trapped in stomach and intestines
Decompression sickness
(3)
solution in
escape of gases normally held
Cause:
(a)
'the body; acts IAW Henry's law
bends, chokes, skin
Kinds of decompression sickness:
(b)
and 'nervous system
(0 Treatment in special compression chamber
Rapid decompression
d.
Explosion and rapid loss of pressure; decreased temperature
(1)
hypoxia; boiling of blood at 63,000 feet
Effects on body:
(2)
or above
Principles and problems of vision
e.
Importance of good vision to pilot
(1)
Action of cones and rods in vision; dark adaptation
(2)
Factors affecting visibility of object during flight: angular
(3)
size, amount of illumination, contrast, length of time visible,
and condition of atmosphere
Spatial disorienntion and motion sickness
f.
Sensory equipment for orientati.offdUring flight: visio
(1)
4ance organs in inner ear, hnd muscle sense of balan
Balance organs in inner ear:
semicircular canals and otolith
(2)
organs
Acceleration and deceleration:
increased G-forces
g..
Negative and positive G-forces
(1)
Means of coping with increased G-forces:
(2)
training to cope
with them, changing position in vehicle, and using a G-suit
3
APRIL 1974
Noise and vibration
h.
Headaches and fatigue from noise
(1)
and perTanent effects on hearing'
noiseileLls
High
(2)
Need to minimize vibrations
(3)
Heat and cold during flight
i.
Heat became a problem with advances in flight (aerodynamic
(1)
heating)
4
only relatively small changes.
Capability of body to adjust,/
(2)
:
in temperature; frostbite
Noxious gases and vapors
j.
Carbon monoxide
(1)
Carbon dioxide
(2)
Self-imposed stresses
k.
Alcohol
(1)
Tobacco,
(2)
Drugs
(3)
Neglect
(4)
'
ORIENTATION:
3.
This is the only unit in the Course t at concentrates on the
a.
study of flight physiology and human e gineering, and it is
f aviation and spaceflight.
the only unit that combines the study
Coming as it does near the end of AE-III, this unit gives the
students an opportunity to combine and relate what they have
learned about aviation and,spaceflight and apply this knowledge
Students are also challenged
to problems of hUman engineering.
to recall what they have learned in other courses. about human
/
Be-
physiology and apply this. knowledge to problems of flight.
cause of the unique nature of the subject matter, this unit
presents a real challenge to both instructor and students and
it can be a fruitful source of motivation.
b./ Although the students will have some background for this unit,
It
the subject matter itself is new and technical in nature.
will therefore have to be carefully related to what is already
known.
Chapter I, which is the introduction to the unit, will
require thorough preparation and time and patience ?Jr the
presentation.
,
4
No
APRIL 1974
Besides being an introduction to the unit, Chapter I also in-
cludes a summary of the main principles of flight physiology.
k
These principles must be masteredbeforeyroceeding with the
chapters,. ,The other. chapters are in a sense an
application of these principles.
SUGGESTED KE"? POINTS:
4.
To make night in high-performance aircraftWndspacecraft
-a.
.
possible, man had to learn'how to surround himself with a, stable,
The body cells must be
earthlike environment during flight.
maintained in a stable condition to 'sustain life during flitt.
of 'the atmosphere changes with increasing Altitude.
The
nattrit
b.
The mosf/important change is the progressive decrease in
"V-9023d
(1)
oxygen pressure with increasing altitude; oxygen is the
pp 53-55
one element of the atmosphere required. to sustain human life.
"V-9047
Decrease in. total pi..essure of atmosphere at altitude also
pp 14-25 (2)
affects the body.
"V-9156
Temperature changes with altitude were important during the
pp 2-10, (3)
early history of flight.
506-507
(4)
Changes of the atmosphere with altitude
re described accord-
ing to the physical divisionsrof the atm sphere (troposphere,
* *AFP 161-16'
stratosphere, ionosphere, and exosphere) and the physiological
Chap 1
divisions (the physiological zone, the physiological- deficient
zone, the partial Space-equivalent zone,
nd the total space-
equivalent zone).
Aircraft fly as far up as the stratosphere
and the partial space-equivalent zone,' Only spacecraft travel
above this level.
The human body,is filled with fluids and gases
at ate affected
c.
by decreases and increases in atmospheric pressu
e as the altitude
The gases in the body act according to
he physical laws
.varies.
of gases (Boyle's law, Dalton's law, ana Henry's
law).
.
The stresses of flight and the conditions of flig
t affect every
d.
* *AFP 161- part of the human body in some way, but they affe
t the respiratory
and circulatory systems most directly.
16
Chap 2
.1)
The respiratory and circulatory systems Are c osely tied in
"V-9156
with each other.
Respiration in its larger sense includes
pp 507-509
carrying oxygen to the cells to support oxida ion of food,
and removing carbon dioxide from the body.
The respiratory system consists of the air pat ages of the
(2)
mouth and nose, the windpipe, the bronchial tub s, and the
Inhalation and eMkalation are diredtly affected by
lungs.
8
5
APRIL 1974
The mechanical processes
changes in atmospheric pressure.
of inhalation and exhalation had to be understood before,
man's oxygen supply could be controlled during flight.
The circulatory'system, including the heart as pump and the
(3)
blood vessels, excjianges oxygen and carbon dioxide within
The breathing rate is-controlled by the amount
the body.
of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
.
The body is affected by decreased atmospheric pressure at altitude
e.
through hypoxia and hyperventilation;
in three principal ways:
**V-9023L
througti trapped gases; and through decompression sickness.
pp 45-4.9
Hypoxia, a deficiency of oxygen in the body cells, is the
**V-9156
(1)'
most common and pronounced effect of high altitude.
The
pp 509-511
onset of hypoxia is sudden, and it mo quickly become serious.
.
Each pilot learns to recognize
Symptoms vary with each person.
**AFP 161-16
his own personal symptoms of hypOxia and guard againsj it.
2 -30
Lack.of 'oxygen may lead to hyperventilation, or overbreath-
Symptoms of this condition are,similar to those of
ing.
hypo ia.
With sudden ascents and descents ddr-frg. Tl'ight, gaes may
(- 2 )
become trapped in different parts of the body.
Gases are
**V,9156
most commonly trapped in the middle ear and the sinuses.
pp 511-512
They may also be trapped in the teeth and in they stomach
Trapped gases cause severe pain.
and intestines.
**AFP 161-16
`--Chap 5
(3)
Decompression sickness-is caused by gases that evolve, Or
**V-9156
come out of solution, at altitpde.
.Since nitrogen is the
pp 512-513
most abundant gas in the atmosphere,,it is the one that
most often evolves,
The ilpst'common form of decompression
**AFP 161-16
sickness is the bends; whilb can cause excruciating pain
Chap 4
in the joints.
Decompression sickness may also occur as the
chokes pain in the chest, or it may affect the skin, or
.
nervous system.
The Air Force has special compression
chambers for treating decompression sickness.
In these",
chambers the evolved gases are,sUbjected to pressure to
lrce them back into solution in body fluids.. To
prevent decompression sickness, pilots, and astronauts
undergo denitrogenation before flight to high altitude.
If a pressurized cabin is punctured, at altitude, it, may undergo
f.
'**AFP 161-16rapid decompression.
There is an explosion, and flying debris,
Chap 6-7
and the victims in the cabin may be exposed to sudden cold
temperatures, windblastand the hazards of reduced atmospheric
Airw
such as hypoxia.
At 63,000 feet and above, the blood
Boils.
Fortunately, pressurized cabins are built well, and
Boils.
rapid detompression is a rarity:
A military aircraft may be
depressurized suddenly under gunfire, but special measures 'are
taken to protect these aircraft against rapid decompression.
1
odi
'APRIL .1974
A pilot needs good vision even when he flies on instruments.
g.
Not only must a pilot have good eyes, but he must also le rn
**V-9156
visu 1
pp 514-516,how AD use visual cues accurately, as there are fewer
references seen from the air than on the ground.
517-518
Pilots should learn about the functioning of the cones and
** AFP 161-
(1)
16
The cones are associated with day vision
rods in vision.
A pilot lei how to
and the rods with night vision.
Chap 9
attain dark adaptation and maintain it for night flying.
**V-9023L
A pilot learns how to increase the visibility ofqpjects
pp 77-81
(2)
seen during flight and he should guard,against all forms
of visual illusions.
14
Learning to maintain a sense of balanCe and orientation after
h.
**V-9156
rotation or rapid movement is one of the first things a pro-
pp 519-521 spective pilot musdo A pilot depends primarily on vision
Other senses for maintaining
to keep oriented during flight.
orientation are the muscle sense and the balance organs in
**V-90231.
/the inner ear.
p 71
** AFP 161-
The muscle sense of balance is used when a pilot flies
(1)
"by the seat of the pants.".
16
1
/
Chap 11,,
Balance organs in the inner ear are the semicircular canals
(2)
111
and.the otolith ("ear dust") organs.
A pilot who flies on instrument§ must learn to trust his
(3)
instruments.and lisregard the signals sent to his brain
During visual flight, a pilot relies on
by/his senses.
his Senses for maintaining balance and orientation.
I
Pilots and astronauts who maneuver subjected to increased
i.
**AFP 161-
These forces are caused by pronounced
G-forces during flight.
16
or extended acceleration and deceleration.
G-forces may tre
Chap 12
Pilots ofaircraft cope with G-forces
either positive or negative.
Astronauts, in
through training and through use of a G-suit.
addition,,have their position chahged in the flight vehicle,
enabling them to.take the G-forces across their body (trans-
versely) rather than from head to foot.
'Other stresses that affect pilots, aircrews, and papengers
j
**V-b156
during flight are noise and vibration, excessive heat and cold,
pp 516-
noxious gases and vapors, and self-imposed stresses.
517
Noise and vibration cause headaches and fatigue.
Both the
(1)
frequency and the intensity of the noise must be considered.
**AFP 161-16
Pilots and astronauts who are subjeCted to excessive noise
Chap 13
from jet and rocket engines must be protected to prevent
permanent impairment of hearing.
Excessive vibration could
.
cause the organs of the body to rupture.
Vibrations' in
411
aircraft and launch vehicles have been partially dampened
to prevent such injuries.
10
7
: