Aviation Psychology and Human Factors, Second Edition

365 Pages·2017·24.117 MB·English

by  Monica Martinussen, David R. Hunter

Aviation Psychology
and Human Factors
Second Edition

Aviation Psychology
and Human Factors
Second Edition
Monica Martinussen and David R. Hunter
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Martinussen, Monica, author. | Hunter, David R. (David Robert), 1945-
author.
Title: Aviation psychology and human factors / Monica Martinussen, David R.
Hunter.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press,
[2017] | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017005035| ISBN 9781498757522 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315152974 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Aviation psychology. | Flight--Physiological aspects.
Classification: LCC TL555 .M365 2017 | DDC 155.9/65--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017005035
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Authors .....................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
1.1 What Is Aviation Psychology? ...................................................1
1.2 What Is Research? .....................................................................3
1.3 Goals of Psychology ..................................................................5
1.4 Models and Psychological Constructs .......................................6
1.5 Human Performance Models .....................................................8
1.5.1 Development of Expertise ............................................9
1.6 Models of Human Information Processing .............................10
1.7 Models of Accident Causation .................................................11
1.8 Models of ADM .......................................................................11
1.9 Summary .................................................................................15
References ..........................................................................................15
Chapter 2 Research Methods and Statistics ........................................................19
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................19
2.2 The Research Process ..............................................................20
2.3 Literature Reviews and Research Questions ...........................21
2.4 Research Problems ..................................................................22
2.5 Variables ..................................................................................22
2.6 Descriptive Methods and Measurement ..................................23
2.6.1 Psychological Tests .....................................................23
2.6.2 Classical Test Theory .................................................24
2.6.3 Reliability ...................................................................24
2.6.4 Validity .......................................................................25
2.6.5 Test Norms and Cultural Adaptation .........................26
2.6.6 Questionnaires ............................................................26
2.6.7 Internet .......................................................................27
2.6.8 Interview.....................................................................28
2.6.9 Observation ................................................................28
2.7 Experiments, Quasi-Experiments, and Correlation
Research ..................................................................................29
2.7.1 Experiments................................................................29
2.7.2 Quasi-Experiments .....................................................30
2.7.3 Correlational Research ...............................................30
2.8 Statistics ...................................................................................30
2.8.1 Descriptive Statistics ..................................................31
2.8.2 Inferential Statistics ....................................................36
2.8.3 Type 1 and Type 2 Errors ...........................................37
v
vi Contents
2.9 Design and Validity .................................................................38
2.9.1 Statistical Validity ......................................................39
2.9.2 Internal Validity .........................................................39
2.9.3 Construct Validity ......................................................40
2.9.4 External Validity ........................................................41
2.10 Meta-Analysis ..........................................................................41
2.10.1 Literature Search and Coding of Articles ..................42
2.10.2 Statistical Sources of Error in Studies and
Meta-Analysis Calculations .......................................42
2.10.3 Meta-Analysis Example .............................................43
2.10.4 Criticism of the Meta-Analysis Method .....................44
2.11 Research Ethics .......................................................................46
2.12 Cheating and Fraud in Research..............................................47
2.13 Summary .................................................................................47
2.14 Outside Activities ....................................................................48
Recommended Readings ....................................................................48
References ..........................................................................................48
Chapter 3 Aviation Physiology ............................................................................51
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................51
3.2 Altitude Effects: Lack of Oxygen and Lack of Pressure .........51
3.2.1 Hypoxic Hypoxia........................................................53
3.2.2 Hypemic Hypoxia ......................................................54
3.2.3 Stagnant Hypoxia .......................................................54
3.2.4 Histotoxic Hypoxia .....................................................54
3.2.5 Performance Effects of Hypoxia ................................54
3.2.6 Blocked Eustachian Tube ...........................................55
3.2.7 Sinus Block .................................................................56
3.2.8 Gastric Distress ..........................................................56
3.2.9 Dental Pain .................................................................56
3.2.10 Decompression Sickness ............................................56
3.3 Fatigue .....................................................................................57
3.3.1 What Is Fatigue? .........................................................57
3.3.2 Why Is Fatigue Important? ........................................57
3.3.3 Circadian Rhythms ....................................................61
3.3.4 Thermal Stress ...........................................................64
3.4 Nutrition ..................................................................................65
3.5 Chemical Agents .....................................................................67
3.5.1 Alcohol .......................................................................67
3.5.2 Cannabis .....................................................................72
3.5.3 Tobacco ......................................................................75
3.5.4 Over-the-Counter and Prescription Drugs .................77
3.5.5 Caffeine ......................................................................79
3.6 Sensory Illusions .....................................................................83
3.6.1 Spatial Disorientation .................................................83
Contents vii
3.6.2 Somatogyral Illusions .................................................84
3.6.2.1 Leans ...........................................................85
3.6.2.2 Graveyard Spiral .........................................85
3.6.2.3 Graveyard Spin ...........................................86
3.6.2.4 Coriolis Illusion ..........................................86
3.6.3 Somatogravic Illusions ...............................................87
3.6.3.1 Inversion Illusion ........................................87
3.6.3.2 Head-Up Illusion .........................................87
3.6.3.3 Head-Down Illusion ....................................87
3.6.4 Vision and Visual Illusions ........................................88
3.6.4.1 Up-Sloping Runway ....................................89
3.6.4.2 Down-Sloping Runway ...............................89
3.6.4.3 Up-Sloping Terrain .....................................89
3.6.4.4 Down-Sloping Terrain ................................90
3.6.4.5 Narrow or Long Runway ............................90
3.6.4.6 Wide Runway ..............................................90
3.6.4.7 Black-Hole Approach Illusion.....................90
3.6.4.8 Autokinetic Illusion ....................................91
3.6.4.9 False Visual Reference Illusion ..................91
3.6.4.10 Vection Illusion ...........................................92
3.7 Summary .................................................................................92
3.8 Outside Activities ....................................................................92
3.8.1 Hypoxia ......................................................................92
3.8.2 Drug and Fatigue Effects ...........................................93
Recommended Readings ....................................................................94
References ..........................................................................................95
Chapter 4 Abilities and Personality Traits ........................................................101
4.1 Introduction ...........................................................................101
4.2 Individual Differences ...........................................................101
4.3 Abilities .................................................................................102
4.3.1 Intelligence ...............................................................102
4.3.1.1 Models of Intelligence ..............................102
4.3.1.2 Other Viewpoints on Intelligence .............104
4.3.2 Abilities Relevant to Aviation ..................................106
4.3.3 Ability Requirements for Remotely Piloted
Vehicle Operators .....................................................109
4.3.4 Summary ..................................................................110
4.4 Personality Traits ...................................................................110
4.4.1 Searching for Structure in Personality .....................111
4.4.2 Five-Factor Model ....................................................112
4.4.3 Personality Traits and Aircrew Performance ...........115
4.5 Summary ...............................................................................117
4.6 Outside Activities ..................................................................117
4.6.1 Ability Tests .............................................................117
viii Contents
4.6.2 Personality Traits ......................................................118
References ........................................................................................119
Chapter 5 Personnel Selection ..........................................................................123
5.1 Introduction ...........................................................................123
5.2 Job Analysis ...........................................................................124
5.2.1 Job Analysis for Pilots and ATCs.............................125
5.2.2 A Critical Perspective on Job Analysis ....................127
5.3 Predictors and Criteria...........................................................128
5.3.1 Predictors in Selection ..............................................128
5.3.2 Criteria of Job Performance .....................................129
5.4 How Can We Know That Predictors Work?..........................131
5.4.1 Meta-Analysis ..........................................................131
5.4.2 When Can Test Validity Be Generalized?................134
5.5 Historical Overview ..............................................................135
5.5.1 Pilot Selection ...........................................................135
5.5.2 Selection of ATCs.....................................................137
5.6 How Well Do the Different Methods Work? .........................138
5.7 Personality and Job Performance ..........................................142
5.8 Computer-Based Testing ........................................................143
5.9 The Utility of Selection Methods ..........................................144
5.10 Fairness in Selection ..............................................................146
5.10.1 Differential Predictive Validity ................................147
5.11 Applicant Reactions ...............................................................148
5.12 Summary ...............................................................................149
5.13 Outside Activities ..................................................................149
Recommended Readings ..................................................................149
References ........................................................................................149
Chapter 6 Training ............................................................................................155
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................155
6.2 Learning and Forgetting ........................................................156
6.3 Recurrent Training and Skill Decay ......................................159
6.4 Training System Design ........................................................163
6.4.1 Systems Approach to Training .................................163
6.4.1.1 Analyze .....................................................165
6.4.1.2 Design .......................................................166
6.4.1.3 Develop .....................................................168
6.4.1.4 Implement .................................................168
6.4.1.5 Evaluate ....................................................169
6.4.1.6 Conclusion ................................................170
6.5 Crew Resource Management .................................................171
6.5.1 Generations of CRM ................................................172
6.5.2 Evaluation of CRM Effectiveness ............................173
Contents ix
6.6 Simulator Training.................................................................176
6.6.1 The Training Effectiveness Ratio .............................177
6.6.2 Training Using PCs ..................................................178
6.7 Summary ...............................................................................180
6.8 Outside Activities ..................................................................181
Recommended Readings ..................................................................181
References ........................................................................................181
Chapter 7 Human Factors and the Design of Aviation Systems .......................185
7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................185
7.2 System Design and Operator Errors ......................................186
7.3 Types of Human Error ...........................................................189
7.3.1 Unintentional Actions...............................................190
7.3.2 Intentional Actions ...................................................190
7.4 Human Characteristics and Design .......................................191
7.5 Principles of Display Design .................................................192
7.5.1 Principle of Information Need .................................192
7.5.2 Principle of Legibility ..............................................193
7.5.3 Principle of Display Integration/Proximity
Compatibility Principle ............................................194
7.5.4 Principle of Pictorial Realism ..................................195
7.5.5 Principle of the Moving Part ....................................196
7.5.6 Principle of Predictive Aiding ..................................196
7.5.7 Principle of Discriminability: Status versus
Command .................................................................197
7.6 Electronic Displays and Printed Checklists ..........................197
7.7 An Example: Design of the Fuel Gauge ................................198
7.8 Interacting with the System ...................................................200
7.9 Current Issues ........................................................................202
7.9.1 Global Positioning System .......................................202
7.9.2 Electronic Flight Bags ..............................................205
7.9.3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ......................................207
7.10 Summary ...............................................................................210
7.11 Controllers and Maintainers Are Important Too! .................211
7.12 Outside Activities ..................................................................211
Recommended Readings ..................................................................212
References ........................................................................................213
Chapter 8 Stress and Human Reactions ............................................................217
8.1 Personality and Individual Differences .................................217
8.1.1 Other Personality Traits ...........................................218
8.2 Mental Health ........................................................................219
8.2.1 Prevention and Treatment .........................................220
8.2.2 Diagnosing Mental Health Problems .......................220