Avian and Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology

1323 Pages·2013·27.446 MB·english

by  Ellis, Christine K.;Campbell, Terry W

Avian and Exotic Animal Hematology
and Cytology
(cid:1)
THIRD EDITION

Avian and Exotic
Animal Hematology
and Cytology
(cid:1)
THIRD EDITION
TERRY W. CAMPBELL
and
CHRISTINE K. ELLIS
Terry W. Campbell,DVM, PhD, is an associate professor of zoo medi-
cine at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at
Colorado State University.
Christine Ellis, DVM, is formerly of the Midwest Avian and Exotic
Animal Hospital and currently works for the Center for Disease Control
in Fort Collins, Colorado.
©2007 Terry W. Campbell and Christine K. Ellis
All rights reserved
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for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-
8138-1811-5/2007.
First edition, 1988, Iowa State University Press
Second edition, 1992, Iowa State University Press
Third edition, 2007
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Campbell, Terry W., 1949-
Avian and exotic animal hematology and cytology / Terry W.
Campbell and Christine Ellis.—3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-1811-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8138-1811-7 (alk. paper)
1. Birds—Diseases—Diagnosis. 2. Exotic animals—Diseases—
Diagnosis. 3. Veterinary hematology. 4. Veterinary cytodiagnosis.
I. Ellis, Christine, DVM. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Bird Diseases—diagnosis. 2. Cytodiagnosis—veterinary.
3. Hematologic Tests—veterinary. SF 994 C191a 2007]
SF994.C35 2007
636.089(cid:2)607561—dc22
2006013815
The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface, vii
Acknowledgements, ix
1. Hematology of Birds, 3
2. Hematology of Reptiles, 51
3. Hematology of Amphibians, 83
4. Hematology of Fish, 93
5. Hematology of Small Mammals, 113
6. Comparative Cytology, 139
Sampling Techniques, 139
Sample Preparation, 143
Evaluation of the Cytological Sample, 144
Cytological Tissue Groups, 146
Basic Cytological Responses, 147
Body Cavity Fluids, 162
Cytology of the Alimentary Tract, 169
Cytology of the Respiratory Tract, 180
Cytology of the Skin and Subcutis, 190
Cytology of the Conjunctiva and Cornea, 202
Cytology of Synovial Fluid, 205
Cytology of Lymphoid Tissue and Internal Organs, 209
Cytologic Artifacts, 217
7. Diagnostic Microscopy Using Wet Mount Preparations, 223
Appendices, 239
A. Stains and Solutions Used in Hematology and Cytology, 239
B. Hematologic Values, 245
References, 251
Index, 279

PREFACE
This book provides images and information on
the hematology and cytology of avian and ex-
otic animals. It is designed to be used by vet-
erinarians and veterinary technicians in clinical
practice, pathologists, laboratory technicians, veterinary
students, and those engaged in research involving exotic
animals and wildlife. Wildlife researchers may find this
information useful in their work in the field. Many of
the disorders affecting the hematology and cytology of
avian and exotic animal patients can easily be diagnosed
in-house without the delay of using an outside commer-
cial laboratory, thus providing the opportunity of treat-
ing the patient more quickly with disease-specific
therapy. Many pathologists, whose primary training and
experience is in diseases of domestic mammals, are not
comfortable with the interpretation of blood films or
cytologic specimens from exotic animals because they
are, in part, unfamiliar with exotic animal diseases and
the appearances of their cells. For this reason, brief
comments concerning avian and exotic animal diseases
have been incorporated in the discussions along with the
descriptions of the cellular responses.
The reader will find that for the most part, princi-
ples of hematology and cytology, such as sample col-
lection, preparation, and interpretation, of birds and
other exotic animals are the same as those for domestic
mammals. Knowledge of the hematology and cytology
of domestic mammals, especially the dog and cat, will
greatly enhance the understanding of the information
provided in this book. A basic understanding of the
hematology and cytology of domestic mammals will be
especially helpful when using the information con-
tained in this book in the clinical setting. A number of
books that address the hematology and cytology of
dogs and cats are available to assist the reader and have
been referenced in this book (Jain, 1993; Cowell et al.,
1999; Baker and Lumsden, 2000; Feldman et al., 2000;
Raskin and Meyer, 2001; Thrall et al., 2004a).
vii
viii
PREFACE
A few references specifically address the hematol- Macchiavello’s, or Giménez. Wet mount images used
ogy and cytology of the small mammals (also referred in the diagnosis of fish and amphibian diseases were
to as “pocket pets,” laboratory animals, or exotic mam- taken from videomicroscopy images using primarily
mals) (Hawkey and Dennett, 1989; Jain, 1993; Fudge, 400(cid:2)magnifications with the specimens under a glass
2000; Feldman et al., 2000; Thrall et al., 2004a). Others coverslip.
also specifically address the hematology and cytology The hematology chapters are divided into birds,
of some of the lower vertebrates, such as birds, reptiles, reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals. Each of
amphibians, and fish (Hawkey and Dennett, 1989; these chapters follows a similar outline beginning with
Campbell, 1988, 1995; Jain, 1993; Fudge, 2000; Thrall blood collection and sample handling considerations.
et al. 2004a). This book is an attempt to create a com- The study of the hemogram in each of the hematology
prehensive comparative hematology and cytology chapters is divided into the major groups of cells nor-
reference. mally found in peripheral blood, that is, erythrocytes,
The majority of the photomicrographs were taken leukocytes, and thrombocytes or platelets. The discus-
of Wright’s-stained blood films or cytology slides using sion of the blood cells is followed by the presentation
1000(cid:2) magnification (oil immersion or 100(cid:2) objec- of the common blood parasites found in the peripheral
tive). Other photomicrographs were taken from slides blood of each respective animal type. Last, each of the
using lower magnifications, such as 400(cid:2) or 500(cid:2), or hematology chapters ends with a discussion on
stained with other stains, such as Diff-Quik, acid-fast, hematopoiesis.
Gram’s, Natt and Herrick’s, phloxine B, Sudan,