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Atomic Astrophysics and Spectroscopy Anil K. Pradhan PDF

377 Pages·2012·6.49 MB·English
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This page intentionally left blank AtomicAstrophysicsandSpectroscopy Spectroscopyallowstheprecisestudyofastronomicalobjectsand phenomena.Bridgingthegapbetweenphysicsandastronomy,thisisthe firstintegratedgraduate-leveltextbookonatomicastrophysics.Itcovers thebasicsofatomicphysicsandastrophysics,includingstate-of-the-art researchapplications,methodsandtools. Thecontentisevenlybalancedbetweenthephysicalfoundationsof spectroscopyandtheirapplicationstoastronomicalobjectsand cosmology.Anundergraduateknowledgeofphysicsisassumed,and relevantbasicmaterialissummarisedatthebeginningofeachchapter. Thematerialiscompletelyself-containedandcontainssufficient backgroundinformationforself-study.Advanceduserswillfindituseful forspectroscopicstudies.Websiteshostedbytheauthorscontainupdates, corrections,exercisesandsolutions,andnewsitemsfromphysicsand astronomyrelatedtospectroscopy.Linkstothesecanbefoundat www.cambridge.org/9780521825368. ANILK.PRADHANisaProfessorintheDepartmentofAstronomy,the ChemicalPhysicsProgram,andtheBiophysicsGraduateProgramatThe OhioStateUniversity.Hehastaughtacourseonastrophysical spectroscopyforthepast20yearsatTheOhioStateUniversity. SULTANAN.NAHARisaSeniorResearchScientistintheDepartmentof AstronomyatTheOhioStateUniversity.Shehasanextensivebackground inatomicphysicsandastrophysicsandisoneoftheforemostresearchers onatomicprocesses. Atomic Astrophysics and Spectroscopy Anil K. Pradhan and Sultana N. Nahar Department of Astronomy The Ohio State University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore, SãoPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521825368 ©A.K.PradhanandS.N.Nahar2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception, andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Pradhan,AnilK. Atomicastrophysicsandspectroscopy/AnilK.PradhanandSultanaN.Nahar. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-82536-8 1. Atomicspectroscopy. 2. Astronomicalspectroscopy. I. Nahar,SultanaN. II. Title. QC454.A8P73 2011 (cid:2) 523.0197–dc22 2010036196 ISBN978-0-521-82536-8Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partywebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Preface pageix Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Atomicastrophysicsandspectroscopy 1 1.2 Chemicalandphysicalpropertiesofelements 2 1.3 Electromagneticspectrumandobservatories 4 1.4 Astrophysicalandlaboratoryplasmas 5 1.5 Particledistributions 6 1.6 Quantumstatistics 10 1.7 Spectroscopyandphotometry 11 1.8 Spectroscopicnotation 12 1.9 Unitsanddimensions 13 2 Atomicstructure 15 2.1 Thehydrogenatom 16 2.2 Quantumnumbersandparity 19 2.3 SpectrallinesandtheRydbergformula 20 2.4 Spectroscopicdesignation 21 2.5 Thegroundstateofmulti-electronsystems 23 2.6 Empiricalrulesforelectronicconfigurations 25 2.7 Intermediatecouplingandjjcoupling 25 2.8 Hund’srules 26 2.9 Rydbergformulawithquantumdefect 27 2.10 Multi-electronatomicsystems 29 2.11 TheHartree–Fockmethod 30 2.12 Central-fieldapproximation 35 2.13 Relativisticfinestructure 37 3 Atomicprocesses 46 3.1 Bound,continuumandresonancestates 47 3.2 Collisionalandradiativeatomicprocesses 49 3.3 Theoreticalapproximations 53 3.4 Theclosecouplingapproximation 56 3.5 TheR-matrixmethod 59 3.6 Approximatemethods 65 vi Contents 4 Radiativetransitions 72 4.1 EinsteinAandBcoefficients 73 4.2 Electronmotioninanelectromagneticfield 75 4.3 Transitionmatrixelements 77 4.4 Multipoleexpansion 78 4.5 Electricdipoleapproximation 78 4.6 Central-fieldapproximation 81 4.7 Length,velocityandacceleration 84 4.8 Oscillatorstrengthsforhydrogen 85 4.9 Configurationinteraction 86 4.10 Finestructure 87 4.11 R-matrixtransitionprobabilities 88 4.12 Higher-ordermultipoletransitions 91 4.13 SelectionrulesandZ-scaling 93 4.14 Dipoleandnon-dipoletransitionsinHe-likeions 93 4.15 Angularalgebraforradiativetransitions 94 5 Electron–ioncollisions 97 5.1 Electronimpactexcitation(EIE) 98 5.2 Theoreticalapproximations 101 5.3 Excitationratecoefficients 104 5.4 Atomiceffects 105 5.5 Scalingofcollisionstrengths 111 5.6 Comparisonwithexperiments 112 5.7 Electronimpactexcitationdata 115 5.8 Electronimpactionization 115 5.9 Augereffect 117 6 Photoionization 120 6.1 Hydrogenandhelium 121 6.2 Photoionizationcrosssection 122 6.3 Bound–freetransitionmatrixelement 122 6.4 Centralpotential 124 6.5 Generalizedbound–freetransitionprobability 126 6.6 Channelcouplingandresonances 128 6.7 Experimentalmeasurements 137 6.8 Resonance-averagedcrosssection 137 6.9 Radiationdampingofresonances 139 6.10 Angulardistributionandasymmetry 144 7 Electron–ionrecombination 147 7.1 Detailedbalance 148 7.2 Totalelectron–ionrecombinationrate 148 7.3 IndependenttreatmentsforRRandDR 149 7.4 Theunifiedtreatment 153 7.5 Photorecombinationanddielectronicrecombination 163 7.6 Dielectronicsatellitelines 164 7.7 RecombinationtoHandH-likeions 169 7.8 Ionizationequilibrium 169 7.9 Effectiverecombinationratecoefficient 173 7.10 Plasmaeffects 174 Contents vii 8 Multi-wavelengthemissionspectra 175 8.1 Emissionlineanalysis 176 8.2 Collisional-radiativemodel 178 8.3 Spectraldiagnostics:visiblelines 179 8.4 X-raylines:theheliumisoelectronicsequence 183 8.5 Far-infraredlines:theboronisoelectronicsequence 191 9 Absorptionlinesandradiativetransfer 194 9.1 Opticaldepthandcolumndensity 194 9.2 Linebroadening 195 9.3 Absorptionlines 205 9.4 Radiativetransfer 209 9.5 LTEandnon-LTE 216 10 Stellarpropertiesandspectra 220 10.1 Luminosity 220 10.2 Spectralclassification–HRdiagram 221 10.3 Stellarpopulation–massandage 224 10.4 Distancesandmagnitudes 225 10.5 Colour,extinctionandreddening 225 10.6 Stellarstructureandevolution 226 10.7 High-Z elements 231 10.8 Atmospheres 231 10.9 Solarspectroscopy 232 10.10 Coolandhotstars 236 10.11 Luminousbluevariables 237 11 Opacityandradiativeforces 239 11.1 Radiativeandconvectiveenvelope 239 11.2 Equationsofstellarstructure 240 11.3 Radiativefluxanddiffusion 241 11.4 Opacity 243 11.5 Radiativeforcesandlevitation 252 11.6 Opacitiesandaccelerationsdatabase 255 12 GaseousnebulaeandHIIregions 257 12.1 Diffuseandplanetarynebulae 257 12.2 Physicalmodelandatomicspecies 257 12.3 Ionizationstructure 259 12.4 Spectraldiagnostics 261 12.5 Fluorescentphoto-excitation 272 12.6 Abundanceanalysis 275 12.7 Atomicparametersfornebularemissionlines 277 13 Activegalacticnucleiandquasars 278 13.1 Morphology,energeticsandspectra 279 13.2 Spectralcharacteristics 288 13.3 Narrow-lineregion 290 13.4 Broad-lineregion 291 13.5 FeIIspectralformation 291 13.6 Thecentralengine–X-rayspectroscopy 295 viii Contents 14 Cosmology 305 14.1 Hubbleexpansion 306 14.2 Recombinationepoch 307 14.3 ReionizationandLyαforests 308 14.4 CMBanisotropy 310 14.5 Heliumabundance 312 14.6 Darkmatter:warm–hotintergalacticmedium 313 14.7 Timevariationoffundamentalconstants 314 14.8 Thedistancescale 316 AppendixA Periodictable 324 AppendixB Physicalconstants 325 AppendixC Angularalgebraandgeneralizedradiativetransitions 328 AppendixD CoefficientsofthefinestructurecomponentsofanLSmultiplet 333 AppendixE EffectivecollisionstrengthsandA-values 337 References 348 Index 357

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the basics of atomic physics and astrophysics, including state-of-the-art research relevant basic material is summarised at the beginning of each chapter. São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City . 8 Multi-wavelength emission spectra. 175. 8.1 9 Absorption lines and radiative transfer. 194.
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