Atlantic Crossroads: Webs of Migration, Culture and Politics between Europe, Africa and the Americas, 1800–2020

388 Pages·2021·6.432 MB·English

by  José Moya

Atlantic Crossroads
Unlike most books on the Atlantic that associate its history with European
colonialism and thus end in 1800, this volume demonstrates that the Atlantic
connections not only outlasted colonialism, they also reached unprecedented
levels in postcolonial times, when the Atlantic truly became the world’s major
crossroads and dominant economy. Twice as many Europeans entered New
York, Buenos Aires and São Paulo in three years on the eve of World War I as
had arrived in all the New World during 300 years of colonial rule.
Transatlantic ties surged again with mass movements from the West Indies,
Latin America and Africa to North America and Western Europe from the
1960s to the present.
As befits a transnational subject, the 24 contributors in this volume come
from 14 different countries. Over half of the chapters are co-authored, an
exceptional level of scholarly collaboration, and all but two are explicitly
comparative. Comparisons include Congo and Yoruba slaves in Brazil, Irish
and Italian mercenaries and adventurers in the New World, German Lutherans
in Canada and Argentina, Spanish laborers in Algeria and Cuba, the diasporic
nationalism of ethnic groups without nation states, and the transatlantic politics
of fascism and antifascism in the interwar. Overall, the volume shows the
Atlantic World’s distinctiveness rested not on the level or persistence of
colonial control but on the density and longevity of human migrations and the
resulting high levels of social and cultural contact, circulation, connection and
mixing.
This title will appeal to students and researchers in the fields of Atlantic and
global history, migration, diaspora, slavery, ethnicity, nationalism, citizenship,
politics, anthropology, and area studies.
José C. Moya is a professor of history at Barnard College, Columbia
University, and emeritus professor at UCLA. He has taught or lectured in a
score of universities worldwide and authored over 50 publications on
migrations, labor, anarchism and global history, translated into eight languages.
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Atlantic Crossroads
Webs of migration, culture and politics
between Europe, Africa and the
Americas, 1800–2020
Edited by José C. Moya
First published 2021
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2021 selection and editorial matter, José C. Moya; individual chapters, the
contributors
The right of José C. Moya to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
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registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Moya, Jose C., 1952- editor. Title: Atlantic crossroads : webs of
migration, culture and politics between Europe, Africa and the Americas,
1800-2020 / edited by José Moya. Other titles: Webs of migration, culture
and politics between Europe, Africa and the Americas, 1800-2020
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2021] | Includes
bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020052752 (print)
| LCCN 2020052753 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367699871 (hardback) | ISBN
9781003144144 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Atlantic Ocean Region--History. | Atlantic Ocean
Region--Politics and government. | Atlantic Ocean Region--Emigration
and immigration. | America--Emigration and immigration--History. |
Europe--Emigration and immigration--History. | Africa--Emigration and
immigration--History.
Classification: LCC D210 .A7683 2021 (print) | LCC D210 (ebook) |
DDC 909/.09821--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020052752
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020052753
ISBN: 978-0-367-69987-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-69990-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-14414-4 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Contents
List of figures and tables viii
List of contributors ix
Introduction xiii
Part I
The Longue Durée, 1400–2020
1 The making and remaking of the Atlantic World,
1400–2020 3
JOSÉ C. MOYA
Part II
Mass crossings, 1800–1930
2 The African presence in Brazil 39
JOÃO JOSÉ REIS AND ROQUINALDO FERREIRA
3 Fighting someone else’s wars? Italian and Irish soldiers,
adventurers and mercenaries in the New World,
1776–1876 57
CARMINE PINTO AND JOSÉ BROWNRIGG-GLEESON MARTÍNEZ
4 Polish and Ukrainian transatlantic nationalisms, 1860–1940 85
ADAM WALASZEK AND SERGE CIPKO
5 Forging Basque and Catalan nationalism in the New World 123
OSCAR ÁLVAREZ GILA AND ALEJANDRO FERNÁNDEZ
6 Transatlantic religion: German Lutheran missionaries in
Canada and Argentina, 1880–1930 152
BENJAMIN BRYCE
vi Contents
7 Migrants between two empires: Spanish day laborers in
Cuba and Algeria, 1880–1900 175
JEANNE MOISAND
Part III
Transatlantic politics, 1920s–1940s
8 Fascism and anti-Fascism among Italians in Argentina and
the United States 195
FRASER OTTANELLI AND MICHAEL GOEBEL
9 Salazarism and anti-Salazarism among Portuguese im-
migrants in Brazil and the United States, 1930–1950 211
ALBERTO PENA-RODRÍGUEZ AND HELOISA PAULO
10 The Spanish Falange in Mexico, 1937–1942 231
RICARDO PÉREZ MONTFORT
11 For a new Cuba and a new Spain: Popular Cuban anti-
fascism and the Spanish Civil War 254
ARIEL MAE LAMBE
Part IV
The revival of mass crossings, 1950–2020
12 Colonial and postcolonial transatlantic migrations in the
British, Dutch and French Caribbean 279
MARLOU SCHROVER
13 Transatlantic loyalties toward the family through labor, care
and the nation: A Cape Verdean Perspective 299
HEIKE DROTBOHM
14 Chilean and Sahrawi exiles: Contesting colonial legacies
and constructing political projects in Cold War and post-
colonial worlds 311
TARA DEUBEL AND JADWIGA E. PIEPER-MOONEY
Contents vii
15 From receiver to sender: The Argentine diaspora in Europe
and the Americas 333
ELDA GONZÁLEZ MARTÍNEZ, ASUNCIÓN MERINO HERNANDO,
AND PABLO YANKELEVICH
Index 358
Figures and Tables
Figures
7.1 Numbers of Spanish migrants traveling to or from
Algeria (official figures 1882–1894) 179
7.2 Numbers of Spanish civilians traveling to or from
Cuba (1882–1894) 180
7.3 The “colonization” plan of Nipe Bay 183
12.1 The Caribbean 281
Tables
7.1 Spanish-born residents in Algeria and Cuba 178
12.1 Current population of the (former) French, Dutch
and British possessions in the Caribbean, plus the three
Guiana’s 280
Contributors
Oscar Alvarez Gila is a professor of history at the University of the Basque
Country in Bilbao, Spain, who works on migration, ethnicity and politics,
and the author of Antes de la ikurriña: Banderas, símbolos e identidad vasca en
América, 1880–1935 (2019) and co-editor of Del espacio cantábrico al mundo
americano: perspectivas sobre migración, etnicidad y retorno (2015).
José Brownrigg-Gleeson Martínez is an IRC-Government of Ireland
Postdoctoral Fellow at the Moore Institute, NUI Galway. He is the author
of several articles on the role of Latin America and the wider Hispanic
world in the development of Irish perceptions of imperialism,
decolonization and modernity during the Age of Revolutions (1776–1848).
Benjamin Bryce is an assistant professor in the Department of History at the
University of British Columbia and received his PhD from York University
in Toronto. He is the author of To Belong in Buenos Aires: Germans,
Argentines, and the Rise of a Pluralist Society (2018). He is also the co-editor
of Entangling Migration History: Borderlands and Transnationalism in the United
States and Canada (2015), Making Citizens in Argentina (2017), and Race and
Transnationalism in the Americas (2021).
Serge Cipko is an assistant director for research at the Canadian Institute of
Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta in Edmonton and author of
Ukrainians in Argentina: The Making of Community (2011) and Starving
Ukraine: The Holodomor and Canada’s Response (2017).
Tara Deubel is an assistant professor and graduate director at the Department
of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa. Her publications
have dealt with forced migration and refugee resettlement, ethnic
minorities and nationalism, language and performance, gender and
development, and food security in West and North Africa and the
Middle East.
Heike Drotbohm is a professor at the Department of Anthropology and
African Studies Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany, who
works on migration and transnationalism and kinship and care in Afro-