Astrocytes in Psychiatric Disorders PDF
Preview Astrocytes in Psychiatric Disorders
Advances in Neurobiology 26 Baoman Li Vladimir Parpura Alexei Verkhratsky Caterina Scuderi Editors Astrocytes in Psychiatric Disorders Advances in Neurobiology Volume 26 Series Editor Arne Schousboe, Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8787 Baoman Li • Vladimir Parpura Alexei Verkhratsky • Caterina Scuderi Editors Astrocytes in Psychiatric Disorders Editors Baoman Li Vladimir Parpura Department of Forensic Analytical Department of Neurobiology Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine The University of Alabama at Birmingham China Medical University Birmingham, AL, USA Shenyang, China Caterina Scuderi Alexei Verkhratsky Department of Physiology and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer” University of Manchester Sapienza University of Rome Manchester, UK Rome, Italy ISSN 2190-5215 ISSN 2190-5223 (electronic) Advances in Neurobiology ISBN 978-3-030-77374-8 ISBN 978-3-030-77375-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. 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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Part I General Aspects of Astrogliopathology with Emphasis on Neurocognitive Disorders Neuroglia in Psychiatric Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Caterina Scuderi, Alexei Verkhratsky, Vladimir Parpura, and Baoman Li Astrocytes: The Housekeepers and Guardians of the CNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Alexei Verkhratsky, Vladimir Parpura, Baoman Li, and Caterina Scuderi Principles of Astrogliopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Alexei Verkhratsky, Baoman Li, Caterina Scuderi, and Vladimir Parpura Morphological Features of Astrocytes in Health and Neuropsychiatric Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Celia Roman, Eugenia Vivi, and Barbara Di Benedetto Part II A stroglia in Mood Disorders Astrocytes in Bipolar Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Arthur M. Butt and Andrea D. Rivera Astroglia Abnormalities in Post-stroke Mood Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Tracey Singer, Sarah Ding, and Shinghua Ding Astroglia and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Kohichi Tanaka Part III A stroglia in Schizophrenia Astrocytes in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Review of Postmortem Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Xiaolu Zhang, Rawan S. Alnafisah, Abdul-Rizaq A. Hamoud, Rammohan Shukla, Robert E. McCullumsmith, and Sinead M. O’Donovan v vi Contents Astrocyte Bioenergetics and Major Psychiatric Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Ivan V. Maly, Michael J. Morales, and Mikhail V. Pletnikov Part IV Astroglia in Addictive Disorders Astrocytes in Addictive Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Anna Kruyer and Michael D. Scofield Astroglia in the Vulnerability and Maintenance of Alcohol Use Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 José Javier Miguel-Hidalgo Part V Astroglia in Eating Disorders Brain Volume Loss, Astrocyte Reduction, and Inflammation in Anorexia Nervosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Jochen Seitz, Stefanie Trinh, Vanessa Kogel, and Cordian Beyer Part VI Targeting Astrocytes in Therapeutic Management of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Astroglial Serotonin Receptors as the Central Target of Classic Antidepressants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Alexei Verkhratsky, Vladimir Parpura, Caterina Scuderi, and Baoman Li Ketamine Action on Astrocytes Provides New Insights into Rapid Antidepressant Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Matjaž Stenovec, Baoman Li, Alexei Verkhratsky, and Robert Zorec Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Part I General Aspects of Astrogliopathology with Emphasis on Neurocognitive Disorders Neuroglia in Psychiatric Disorders Caterina Scuderi, Alexei Verkhratsky, Vladimir Parpura, and Baoman Li Introduction: Definition, Classification, and Main Functions of Neuroglia The human brain has a considerable complexity. In a rather limited volume, it con- tains a population of more than 200 billion neural cells, including neurones and neuroglia. Altogether, these neural cells form intricate networks connecting the various parts that make up this organ through trillions of chemical and electrical synapses. The concept of neuroglia was initially formalized by Rudolf Virchow who introduced it in the mid-1800s. According to Virchow, neuroglia was a “substance also which lies between the proper nervous parts, holds them together and gives the whole its form in a greater or lesser degree” (Virchow 1860). The neuroglia is present in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) (Fig. 1). The PNS neuroglia arises from the neural crest, similarly to peripheral neurones, and is classified into Schwann cells (Kidd et al. 2013), satellite C. Scuderi (*) Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy e-mail: [email protected] A. Verkhratsky Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain V. Parpura Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA B. Li Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 3 Switzerland AG 2021 B. Li et al. (eds.), Astrocytes in Psychiatric Disorders, Advances in Neurobiology 26, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_1 4 C. Scuderi et al. Fig. 1 Neuroglia classification glial cells (Hanani and Verkhratsky 2021), olfactory ensheathing cells (Ruitenberg et al. 2006), and enteric glia (Grubisic et al. 2018). The neuroglia cells of the CNS are divided into macroglia cells (ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin) and microglia (mesodermal, myeloid origin) (Verkhratsky and Butt 2013). Macroglia is further classified into astroglia, oligodendroglia, and NG-2 glia, the latter also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, or synantocytes, or polydendrocytes (Verkhratsky and Butt 2013). Each of these populations listed above can, in turn, be divided into further subtypes, making the complexity that these cells possess to parallel the multitude of functions they govern. The large number of subtypes of glial cells fueled for years the belief that in the human brain glial cells outnumber neurones by a factor of 10 up to 50 (Bear et al. 2007; Kandel et al. 2000). However, the views of numerical preponderance of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord with respect to the number of neurones have been proven erroneous, because none of the concepts that had been adopted as a demonstration of big glial numbers has been corroborated experimentally (Hilgetag and Barbas 2009; von Bartheld et al. 2016). It is generally agreed upon that the total number of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the human brain is almost on par. Nonetheless, even if not in a linear manner, the evolution of the nervous system paralleled with trend of an increase in glia to neurone ratio (Verkhratsky et al. 2019), suggesting glial involvement in cerebral superior functions, although the largest numbers of glial cells are observed in the largest brains of whales and elephants.
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