Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory: Essays from the Sawyer Seminar PDF
Preview Archives, Documentation, and Institutions of Social Memory: Essays from the Sawyer Seminar
ARCHIVES, DOCUMENTATION AND INS:rITUTIONS OF SOCIALM EMORY Essafyrsot mh Sea wySeerm inar ditbeyd FRANCISB LOUIJNR . X. andW ILLIAGM. R OSEB ERG ArchiDvoecsu,m entation, andI nstitouft ions Social Memory Essafyrso m the Sawyer Seminar EDITED BY FranciBsl ouJiran.n dW illiaRmo senberg X. G. THE UNIVERSITYO F MICHIGAN PRESS Ann Arbor Firpsatp erbaecdki ti2o0n0 7 Copyrig©h bty t heU niversoifMt iyc hig2a0n0 6 Allr ighrtess erved Publisihnet dh eU niteSdt atoefsA mericbay TheU niversoifMt iyc higParne ss Manufactuirnte hde U niteSdt atoefsA merica @ Printoenda cid-fpraepee r 20IO 2009 5 4 3 No part opfu btlhiicsa mtaiyob ne r eproduced, storienda retriesvyaslt eomr,t ransmiitnta endyf orm orb ya ny meaenlse,c tromneicch,a nicoarol t,h erwise, withotuhtew rittpeenr missoifot nh ep ublis.h er A ClcPa talroegc ofrodr t hibso oki sa vailafbrloemt heB ritiLsihb rary. LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloging-in-PDuabtlai cation Archives, documaenndti antsitoint,uo tfis ooncsim aelm or:y essays fromt heS awyeSre minIaer d itbeydF rancXi.sB louin Jr. and WilliGam.R osenberg. p. cm. ISBN-:I 9378-0-472-II(4c9l3o:-t aIhl kp.a per) ISBN-I0O-:4 72-II49(3c-lXo: t ahlkp.a per) I.A rchive2s..D ocumentati3o.nM .e mory-Social aspects. I.B louiFnr,a ncXi.s RIoIs.e nbeWrigl,l iGam. CD93I.A685 2005 027-dc22 20050I7905 ISBN-:I 9378-0-472-03(2p7b0:k- .a9 l kp.a per) ISBN-I0O-:4 72-0327(0p-b:4k .a lkp.a per) Contents Praecfaen Adc kneodwglments Vll ArchiavnedAs r chiving PART I. Introduction I "oSmethSihnCega lalF eedv" eM:ri cheDleertr,ai ndDdau ,s( trO i,n t hAer cihvweist h MichaenlDdeet r ri)d a 4 CarloySnt eedman ThPer obolfPe umlb iciintt heAe r cihvoefsS econd Empire France 20 JenfnreSi .M illigan NotD ragaottn h e GaRteeas rebcPuhatn r etTrh:Re e ferAerncichveia ssMt e diator 36 KatlheMeanr qsu i BetwVeeneenr aatniLdoo na thLionvgia:nn gHd a tiDnocgu ments 43 JamMe.sO 'Tooel Archnigv/riAchitecture 54 KenKtl einman "RecoorfdS si mplea nTPdrr uetch"i P:shi ootnoyg,Ar raciphvheasnt,dh Iel lusion ofC ontrol 6 I JoaMn.S chwartz Archiivnte hsPe r oducotfiK onno wledge PART II. Introduction Out tohfe Calnoidsn ettthoA e r chsi?Gve ermJaenw iPsahp ers AtinGaro ssmann GermJaenw iAsrhci hvienBs e ralniNdne wY orkT:h rGeeen eraatfittoehnFresa ct 101 FraMnekc klge nbur MedieAvracilhv iassAt ust h:oS roscMieamlo arnyAd r chMievmaolr y 106 PatrGiecayk r ThQe uestoifAo cncs esT:h Re igthoSt o cMieamlo vreyr tshuResi gthot SocOiballi vion 141 IngBeu nsdgaard tv CONTENTS PasItmp eecr(t'fil mpfaairtM)e:d tiiaMnega niinnAgr choifvAer st 121 NancRyuh tB artlett AnA rtifAancytO thbNeyar m eD:gi itSaulr roogfMa etdeiseM vaanlu scripts 134 StheepGn. N icoshl ThPea nopAtricchailv e EricKe telaar ArchRievparle sentation EilzabYeaktehl ArchiavnedSs o ciMaelm ory PART III. Introduction 165 RemembetrhFieun rtgeuA :p praoifRs eaclo arndtdsh Reo loefA rcihviens CosntruScoticMniegam lo ry TerrCyo ok CreaatN iantgi oInnoafrlm atSiyosnti enaFm e deErnavli ro:nS moemTneht oughts ont hCea nadian IAnorfrcmhaitNvieaotlnw ork 182 LauaM rillar ArcihveHse,r itaangHdeis ,t ory 193 DavLiodew nthal How PrivaTutrinzeBadrt iitsoRa nei Tdnel 'ephKoinoeis nkat noA rchoifv et he WelfaSrtea te 207 PatrWircikg ht ArhcievsP:a rtoifMc elmeosr yM oor?re 215 Joavna Anbl ada LookfionarH' o meI:n depeOnrdaHelin ostrt Ayr chiinvI etsa ly 219 AelssaPndorrtoe lli ThPeu bCloinct roovveetrrhsK eye nnMeedmyo raPbrieolcjita 225 RobeMr.At dl er ClassFiefideeRdre aclo arndtdsh Een odf t hCeo lWdar T:h Eex peroifet nhcee AsssaisnaRteicoonRr edvsi Beowa rd 237 WillLi.Ja omy ce "JuasC tar "T:h e KeCnan,tre hdLeyi ncCohla,nai nrtdh Set uodfOy b jects 245 JudiEt.Eh n edlman Archi,Mv eemsorayn,dP olitCiuclatlu( rCea nadaC,a rtihbeb ean, PART IV. WesteErunr opAef,r iacnadE, u ropean Colonial Archives) Introduction 253 MemoroifCe osol niz:aC toimomnemoration,a nPEdrr eassieunarr nve a tion, African Archive 257 FredeCroiocpke r Contents v ColoAnriciahvlae nsd thoefG oAvretnrscn Oean: tChoen tetnhtFe o irnm AnnL auaS rteorl ThPer oviAnrccihaailsavP el aocfMe e morCyo:nr fontOirnaagln W dr itten Sources ont hReo loefF ormSelra ivnte hsCe u baWanr o fI ndepen(8d19e9n5c8-e) 280 RebcecJa.S c to t Marooinnts hA er chsiT:vh eUe sest hPoeaf si tnt hFer enCcahr ibbean 291 LaurDeunbtso i RedempsAt rihcoin:vR' eemembetrhFieun tgu raRe e vionl utPiaosnta ry 301 PauKl.E sis DocumenStoiuntgrh i scAL afie'bratMioovne m:eE nntgsagtihAnerg ci hvaetts h e UniveorfFs oirHttay r e 321 BiraWnil liaanmWdsi llKi.aW aml lach "TheG itof f OGneen ertaotA inoont" hT:eh rRee al fTohtrih nPege pGsein eration3 33 IaEn. W iolsn SocHiiasrlty Po,u blic aSnpNdha etiroNean,ra rla sTt:hi vee SOorciigaoilfVn alse ncian RegiIomnaagli inna rNyi nhe-etCneteuSnrptya in 343 MoniBcuagr uera The lIunefonfcP eo liotnti hcSesh apoiftn hgMe e moorfyS taitnWee ss tern Euro(prFea n)c e 353 PaeuR lenez-iBna ThReo loeft hSew iFsesd eArracilhv deusr ing PRoelcietnitc oE-vHeinsttso rical anCdr ises 3 6 I ChrtiospGhr af TeleviAsriciohvnae nstd h Mea kionfCg o lclteiMveem orNya:z iasnmWd o rlWda rI I inT hrTeelee viBslioocnk boufGs etremrPasun b Tleliecv ision 386 WulKfa nsteiner PART V. ArchiavnedSs o ciUanld erstainnSd tiantUgen sd ergRoaipnigd Transi(tCihoinPn oas,t wJaarp aPno,s twGarre eRcues,s Uikar,a ine, andt hBea lkans) Introduction 397 Revoliuntt ihAeor nc hoifvM eesm orTyh:Fe oundoifn Ngta htei oDniaeLlti brianr y OccupJiaepda n 382 LeisePl incus The NMeaws toefMr esm orLyi:b ersaA,rrh icievsa,n Mdu seuimnPs os tcommunist Bosneiraz-eHgovina 393 RobeJr.Dt o ina WritHionmgie n t hAer ch:"i vReefuMgeemeo "r yandE tthhneo graphy ofD ocumentation 402 Penelope Papailias QinSgt ateAsrmciehvni,as ntHdsi ,s toarnitdah nQesu estoifMo enm ory 4 I 7 BeatrSi.Bc aret lett CONTENTS ThReo loefA r cihvienCs h inSeoscei AentE yx:am infartoitmohP nee rescptive ofA ccess 427 DuMei ArcihvaensHd i storTiweensth i-ieeCnnt tuCrhyi na 436 WillCi.Ka mi rby ArcihvaensHd i stoWrriitciaTnlhg eC: a soeft hMee nshPeavyrii tkn1 917 443 ZivGaal ili RussHiiasnt IoIsrt y t:ih Aner chsi?v e 451 AbbSym ith ArchiHveitnelgro osgWsriiat:Ri enpgo arntCdso ntroMlalsCisun lgt uunrdeSe tra lin 459 SerYhekyec lhyk EthtnyiM,ce imroya,n Vdio le:nR celefectoinSo pnesc Piraolb lienSm osv aineEdta st EuropAeracinhv es 466 JerfefByur ds Heistataitto hnDeso otroa nA rchCiavtea log 480 VldaimLiarp in ThHei storitahSneou ra:cnP edr obloefm sR etlyai naEdbt ihliics 490 BoirsV. Ananich Contributors 497 PrefaancdAe c knowledgments ith gtehnee rsouupspo oftr htMe e llFoonu ndadiscnussA.s l iioosft saelmli cnoarnrit buatpopresaa tr s W tiotnhA,ed vanScteuddC ieensto eftr hI en tertnhaeen odft hveo lu.m e tioInnaslt oiftt huUetn eir vsyeio tfM ichihgealany d e arInr eadtihneegsss ea ywset hiinitkm porttoca onnt lonSga wySeerm iinn2a 0r0 0-1t2 o0i 0nvesftrioagm a tsei deesrp ectihraeol ollfeay r chiinwv heasst e mipnaarr ranogfed s iciprlypi enrastpievtcehsce o mplircealtateidc itpearnmtteshpd e r ocdtuioofkn n owl.eW dep greo tionbsehtiwpaesre cvnhe fiso,r omfds o cumenatnadt pioostneh,a a nta rchbietv heo uogfah sats iotfie m agination, thwea ysso cireetmieemstb heepria rs.T t hsper ogirnamc reatyta,in vdpi roducatswi eolnal,so fd ocumentary clundeeadar h luyn dprreendst eatiinto wnesn tys-eesipgrhetvs aetriaos nit,th eai tn corporastoersot fasv s arious sions. aSncadhr oclhaifrvrsio smt sfic foturenietpenas r sumptions oafkb noouwtl aekndiwdgnh eda sitk s n ow ticidp.Oa utrpe oionfdt e parwtausar c eo ncepotfi aobntl hea tf uanrdea mteotn htweaa lyi sn divaindsduo als archniovstei sm phlsiyt oarsri ecpaols ibtuatosa rc ioems ciettiheiasnb ko tuhte smelvreeslt,ih veepi ars atnsd, pleoxfs trruecpstr,uo scseeasne,dp istemsoiltougaiitemesad g tihnefeiu rrt euTsh.is st ill lheoawve,evw sei rthu s, atac ritpiocioanfilt n tersbeecttwsiecoehnno larshtiwplo,a rqcguueel steiaocdnhes c,e pstiimvipenlil etyf s o rmu turparlac cetpsio,l iatnitdce snc,oh lioeAgsss. i tedso colfa twihoanit:n, d eieasdn a, r chainvwdeh ,aa tc tugaolelsy umentparreeyrs vartoiootnie nvd a rinoautsi aonnda lo n t?hL eerutes o ffseerv eirnatlr odpurcotpoorsyi tions soccioanltt sea,xr chivdeesfi fnhoeier nl dpi vicdoumaalbso,eu atco hft hecsoem pmlaetxt ienr hsto hpteeh tahte y muniietasn,sd t awtheasit sb o tkhn obwlaaen kdn ownc asne rhveeu risatsais ceatal rlogyfu mentwsh iacgha inst abotuhte piarsA tssp .la ocfeu sn coverinhge,l pae raccohhfti hveeses asiy nst hviosl ummieg bhert e ad. creaantrdee r-ecastoecm ieamlo Bryya .s sigtnhpiern eg Firhsotwd, ow ed efitnhese p atial obfao nua nrdaries rogatirveecso rodft ok etehpees rtwa ,hr ocashceiq vuiicshii?vI en stehmei wneap rr opotsheaadtna rchbiev e tiopno lificnideisan,ig da sn,d vairnisotouinsta ultiitzheodu ogfah satp lace, owrnh oiethtt a haseni r n stitutional precdtiilmoeendsi ate sbcehtowleaaernnsd h oiripmn afforamn wdh etohren roi tit os r ganainzmdea di ntained tioanr,c hpirvdoeusck en owleldeggei,tp iomliiztei cbaytl h sest yapstueb,ol rpi rci vgartoeua pnasds socioart ions, temasn,d coniesdntitreiuIstcnt.t h ber oasdeensastre ,i ndiavliIsdna.u l cla saenas r,c hiiaspv lea wchee croem chitvheuses m boadryt ioffac cutlstt uhraeetn duarse p lepxre oscsoef"s er membe"or cicncugrr,e aatnidn gr e signoiffi ewrwhseao r aen wdh y. creacteirntkgai innd s okfn oswol.cWe ieda glpeq uuto ta Thivso lupmree sfeonarwt isd aeured nicase u sbtantiomna rakrso utnhwdeo rrde meemrbitnoeg m phasize tipaolr toifto hnpe a pegrisva ettn h see mi.Wn eah ravet htahtpe r oscsetehsba rt itnhgpe a tsotl iifne aarnc hive groupeds otmheewmlh oaots aerloyu an sde riesi nvoofml uvcemh o rteh asni mpalcyc etsod so cutmse.n themtehsae tm erdguerdi tnhgce o urosfte h dei scuTshroutghpher oscseesa cqoufi sciltiaifisocsna,at inodn , sio.In nss od oiwnegh ,a vmea daene fftooir nt tegrpartevesa etriaornc,hp irvoevsti hdowesh eo ctooim neq uire thceo rnitbutoifao rncsh iavniodst thswe hrossp er eosfabotuhtpe a swtit ahm ioxf m atersioamlest,ci amrees siorneaslp onswiebrpierl iimtaairdeimslsi ytn riawtiitvhfe u lsleyl eacntde dol yrs,do emretqiumiedtsioe sr ganized thoosfse c hoflraotrmhsh e u manaintsdio ecssi caile nacnerdsa ndtohmr,o wuhgihpc ahr tifcourolmfias nr d ividual whsoew orfkco usoenss peckiifincod fsa rchrievaaln sdo cuinadle rstasntdriuncgat nuapdrrr eeod dd u.c e sea.rW cehh opteh dei vietoryfst heess ayisn cliund edA rcihvaerse thwuhse prsaeis ettxe pse riivsea nrcie thviosl ugmievr eesa dersse nsosoftem hb eer detaohfi sousalnyd quite impearnwfdhe ecrtel yot fhi en sacrrti bed suceasp tbuyrt ehsdee mi,an nawdre r egtrhewatet c anre-crtehapeta icsnatbgn e practiwcaeywd,h eitnh esro me noatl isnoc ltuhmdeae n fyro maclo mmentoaferfrieedss k uillollryfn otA.ss itoefps r evsaetriaornc,h hiovleds byo thpearr ticwihpiapcnrhto svs,eos d t imutlooa utrip nagr tipciuelocafter hsp e a tshtaa rtse e clteeodnt hbea sis Viti PREFAACNED A CKNOWELDGMENTS ofp artidceufilnairot fui toyina lsni idtm por.tT ahnecyTe hiisns o ttos atyh aartc hciavenev soe rp eunp ptahset defiwnhea itsk n obwlaaen kdn owbno tbhyt hdeo cuina nyl itwearyaa,ln dc ertatihdneel gyr teowe h ich mentthsep yr ersvaeen tdh mea tertihaealirsrc hivis"twhsa td "ew iasrs elattoee mdp irical erveidence, the clitnoae c quoirr ett hhaedtyi scSairldei.nnt ch aeers c hisveea rsci hmearg'inoaratm iioxnt,ou ftr hete w ioa sm at caanf fuencdte rstaasmn udciahns og r m orteh atnh et eorfc onsiddeirsap.Wb uhltaeiet ns o itnq uesittsih oant woradnspd i cttuhrcaertse aantrdee -corueiram taeg est hoaefr chicvraelapltayesc dta o nn lbyea ,tb esatr ,e pre thpea asnthd e nocuesr e nosfwe h ow eh avbee come saenndt aotfsi oomne tnhoil nogn gaecsrcs eiobultest ihdee why. Aracrthehi usvspe ast bioaulnladysep dl aocfue ns proscseoefrs e membering. covearnirdne g- covaessr iitnecgso, n ocfe aalnmsdeu npt Asm entionedl ybp,yar sesviigtonhupiesrn egr ogatives presasswi eolanlso ft heepx respsrieoocjnt,ia onrnde, v ofr ecokrede pteotr ha er cshtia,vr ichciavanel sls eog it elatoifio nnd ivainddu asploa csaitnasfdl u tsu.r e imi(zroed elezgiept)oi tlmiiicsayls tceomnrssu,tc( rtor e Whahto,w e,vd eowr em eabny" osci"a?Aln dw hatc onstireduncttia)tn iadeu st,h enitnpi acrattiweca uylsa r partifcroumlosaf sr o cial kanrosewp leectdiogfi eca trhkei nodfks n owltehdepgyre o d.Au nca edditcioonnal chei?svW hethienrs tibtytu htseet da otreg,a nbiyz ecde ronft hsee minatrh uwsda estg htreowe hei dcihf ferent public oern tepisrot,iria v sasteem bbyli endddi uvailksi,n odfas r chives ropllaaenyshd o twth heedsyose o T.o archciovletlshe eecf tf oefct psta hsaatrtnse e vleirvi end w haetx tefnoetrx, a lmepd,oa rcheimvbeostd hyfe r ag isolaTthiemo ant.e riinaa lpllrs i vaantpdee rsonamle naotrfcs ultwuhroevs eer pyr ersveatailwolsnto hetmo chilvietnshk e siureb cjitnss omwea yt ob roasdoecri eanld uarsse i gnoiffis eorcasin andla tiioednnat?liH toyw, proscseaensad c tivaintcdia aenls w abyeus s ed toa sie nxstifiteulotdfres ed p nrteastedioot nhe,py r ovtihdee plorea swt ehalelsms oer pee rsonalizoefld i vpetadat nbtgleeierv nisd efnomcre em orya diidtni toon defining epxeri.eS ntcaaetnend a tiaornicavhle sc,o uorfs e,m eqmuoiirtnyes tit?uA tnidio sfno amnleal tyiaorncahlii nv es delriabteely creaatbeo bukrtno oaswdolecerpid hagelep artiacrmueol naurm einnpt hsy saiswc eaalllsfi gurative nomecnean,t eringa reosutpnhepdecr iaaclotlfity ch eets e rtmosw ,h aetx tdeonetts h at mvoenruym eintrtyea pl natiaontndh set abtueat l asroo usnudeb cjtthsas tt atree siendn itff ewraeyntsth v ei sisooncsia entcdiu elst ures ofcfiiahlasvd ee emoefpd o tliicoarsl o ciimaplo cret.ah navoeft hesmelavneodsfo th?eT rhsroeuxgth enadnedd Aldlo cumehnotwse,,vm e ursitns omwea yb ec ontexqtuuistpei rdiitsecdu msossistoe nm,ip naarrt icciapmaen ts alizTehdem .a teriina lpsr ivate kanrocwhlitvore esc ocgtrnheiaaaztsate s e i otfbe o tchu ltaunrsdac lh olarly edgteh iastso cialltyu aclboiyntz theveedex rfyao cfti tsa nadd mirnaitspitrvaec tthiaecr ec,hi iniv tiesn stitutional colleIcnte ixopnl.ot rhiensge tihssese umeipsna,ai rd t otahlaitsto by e " era"de thnograepvheibrciyaat sl ly partiactutleatnrott ihroeon lt ehsda itfrf eeknitn odfas r careafsu ldtlohyce u miehtno tussa ensd eprrsve.es chipvleyais ni nfortmhien gls aorcsgipeaarloc fce o llec"Read"ia nnag rchmievaeun nsd ersttahnnead tiunrge tiavneid n divmiedmuroayA.ln e specdiiaffilcqluuyle ts ofe xplpircaictit nai dcdeistt odi eocni phtehreiiimnrpg l i tioinnt hirse gairstd h eex tetnowt h icahr chicvaetnsis Ho.e rteh see micnoanrs itdhemeru eldt pirpalce delriabteeilmyp loirlc iimstihltay,op reo ,th esresw tirutciciensc liuntd hecedo ncoef"p ratc hi"vi itn,swg ehlifch tucree rtkaiinondfs s o cuinadle rstTaofn ardmietn hge.i nclwuhdaaetr h cividsowt istd ho cumaennadtl sst oo mattienasr l igdhiftrfeleywn aty t,ow haetx tdeonets atnhde tfhoowrsh eow anttou steh eRme.m embeorfi ng, broasdpearoc fe smoecmioacrloy n vewrigttehh e mocroeu risasel ,asp or ocoeffsr osg etAtpipnrga.wi hsaiitns g limictoendfio nfte hsae r ceh?siW vheraert eh e poiwnotrst ohofpyf r eersvaitnia ornc hiisv etnsh eucse sas arily counnjctureo-fda ifenfrde ?n ce proscsae sw elolfd etermwihnasithn ogub leed cx luded A relaqtueeds tisiw ohne tthhefero romfst hairs anfdro got.At ceqnuisainatdci scosaen r ael osbov iyo usl cheisv-bkansoewdl aeldwgaehy asva etl eassotmr ee lavitparla citni cetsh isb usrtoe gtiahwsrea d yi, nw hich tions otcmoie amlro yw,h iictsho s atyh ceo mplexc oalnlde acrtoeir ognasn ciazteadl,ao ngddee drs,ic bIetid s. variewgaaytisen d wshoiccihf eotriamse esn osfwe h ath ardtlomyou cthos aays,N ancBya rtalregtuiten s her theuys etdob el iakned lairnkeoe w O.n em igahrtg uees ys ianp arItIo ft hivso lutmheat,th aer chiisav e thatp atrhaem oetfte hrdises t ermisnhaiwtfiittto hhn e c onsstiaotnfmet e diabteitownte hemena terainadl st he emergoefnn ecwe scoocnisatlr (uuscctahisg o ennsdo err a rcshtiasvsw,i e lalsb etwteheaenr chainvdi suttsh eer . ethny)ia,cn ai wtraenoefss usp prseoscseiexadpl e rieTnhcoewssie t ahu thyoo rvieatrna rchciavlnei tedreatlelry (uscahs d iscrimoirrn eaeptsris)oia,non nnde wp otliicamli nfeo r wuhsaeitr"s se b ttfeorr egno".t t fromula(tusicoahns" so t talainti"aso rmr"i psotcoloniFailn,aw lewl oyulsdu ggteors eta dtehriesm portance ims")S.t itlhlke,n owlpedrgoed ubcyae ndfd r oamr thsee miansasri tgoun nedde rstaarncdhaiisnpv gle asc es chiavlewsah ya"ssw h at "wa asis tbsa srieecfr epnocien ot.fi ndivaindsduo aclii maalg inwahteitovhnie,br r antly Prefaancde Acknowledgments IX soa,si n ardcehdiivcetasopt aerdt ikciunoldfahs ri storWe wantto p ays pectihaalnt koss e vepreaolp le icoarll iteraerryv aaptnrirdeoe esnsa rocrhm ,o rpea swhosweo rwka osf e normiomupso rttaotn hsceuec c ess silvyae,si nv ariaodumssi tnriactoilvlee ocrtgiaonnisoz fte hde seamnitdno ta hrce o mpleotfti hovinos l u.m e top rersvdeea toarr ecowridtoshn llyi mistoecudis ael.N ancBya rtalsessttitat,no tt h dei refcotaroc ra demic Ina nayr chail vien,km augsbete mtahdreo tuhgdeho cprograattm hBsee ntLlieabyrrw ya,hs e luplbf otihnt he umetnoti tpso ianntcd o ntoefox rti .Tg hiinmsa yb ea cconceptuoaflt ihszeea mtiianonanidr n w orkwiintgh curaotrfe lalsyee lsyt ablaiisdheedd u,os reb dyc oanrofumra niyn ternvaitsisioR.tna oacrlhP eolws ea,rd minis chigvuailod rea,ssE lizaYbakeewtlrh i itne s paorft t rIaIta istvsaeina sttt hBee ntLliebryry wa,a psa rticularly this vtohlruomrueeg,phe r netsatciroenafster eedlo yr heluplif nt htea srkesl attopi rnegp asreimniegnss aary s throcuogehr cbiuotna ,nic yna stehl,ei nkiasnge ec esfopru lbicaitnti hovinos ml euM.i chAeulsltei n, adminis sarainil mya gionnaert yhi sene ntsheai ctta nne vbeer traftootrrhA ed vanced StutdhIyen tCeeornnntaaeltr i at liatlAe.nra rtifmualg inactoiuorinsts,eh e,eoss fe nocfe I nstiwtourtkteei,dr efloetrsh seeln ytdi urrea otfit ohne goohdi srytj,osu ta s itmhaeg inoartdievorefid nogc usemiannadtre ndweidte hx traordinartyo competence menhtesl dpesfi ans ek ialrlceshdti A.vna i rchiitsvh eu sa ltlha ed msitnriadteittvaheisa ltu cach o mpalcetxyi vit as iotfce o nsctraenatyt ,aip vliawtchee irdee ntmiatyi reesq suWi.er eaarlesg or autle Aftnod rOelas oofnt he bef rometde,co hlnogoifre uspl reef teecadn,pd a sts UcnoinveorfMs iicthyiP graewnsh sog, a vtehe inst tieraxe t vincirnegvldiy.sI i nst uemw,h agto eosni na na rchivveerc ya ruelrf eadTiotn hge.fsi ree nadnscd o lgluseea,an d reflwehcaittns diviidnusatolinstss,u,t t aitaensds, o citoa ltlh pea rtainsct-itphowhsoel ectturheods,e who eties tihmeamgsitenole v hebasev een w,e laalsws h atd iscusstehdow,sh eola insdt -ewneee pxdreosussr i n themya yi magtihneem sbeelcvoemsi ng. cearpep recitahteimioarnnc yof notrr itbotu htiiimso ns portianntte lelxepcltoounra.al t i Wea rvee rgyr atetfhumela nstyoo u rocffen usd itnhga t FXB WGR enablteofdl u lruyes a allitlzhe eeel menwtets h ought es senttoiat a rlu wliydr ea ngainnidgn ternationally based discuMsossiitom np.o rwtaatsnh te omrga rjawnetr eThefol loweisnsgai ynts h ivsou lmet ohugfihr sptr e ceifvreodm AWn.dM reelwlF oonu ndatthaialotln o wseeden dat tte hS awySeerm ihnaavbree epner viyop uusbl ust oo rgaonuierzx ep loraaSt waiyoenSr e amsi.T n hairsls iheadna dr repe ruocdehde rweit phre miisosn. geneprroougser nacmo utrhaeegx epsl oroafat nii sosnu e oras eti sosffu reomsmu ltidairspyce irepsclptsiiW.nve e PatrGiecakr "yAu,c torA uectt ordiatnass c lauerlsta idrue s armeo satp prectioaa ltlit vhopeefe opatlt ehf euo ndahaut maogey,ei"nnA ucteotAr u ctorIintvaesn:et tci oonn formidsamnels ' ecrmietduireev Aaclteed,su c ollodqeu e tifoontr h eeinrc ourageamsetsnaitns. c aend Saint-QueYnvteilni(-nIee4ns-- jIu6i In9 99e)d,M. i chel Suppfoortrth s ee miwnaaasr l psroo vibyda en du m ZimmermaMnenm,o ireetds o cumednetl sE'o led es beorfo fi fceasnd de partamtte hUnent isv eorfMs iicthyi Char5t9e( saP ri2s00,1 6)1,7- I. gani,n clutdhIienn tge rnIantsitoitnthaOuelffit ceoe;f EriKce taerl",aT heP anoptAirccvahelis p,o"r tioofn sw hich thPer deesnitth;Oe ffi coef t hPer ovtohsHeto ;r aHc.e werpeu blisahs"e Adr chiTveampll eAsr,c hiPvrails ons: RackhSacmh ooofGl r aduSattuedt iheOesffi ;c oeft he ModesP oowfea rn dP rotieoc"ntA ,rchiSvcaile 2n,cn eo s. 3-4 (020)22:2 1-83.Po rtiooftn hsie ssy sa alsaop peairne d VicPer enstif doRere searcCho;lg leote fLh iet erature, "EmpowerAirncgvh ei:sW hatS ocieEtxyp ecotfAs r chi Scieanncdte h,Ae r ttsh;Se c hooofIl no frmattihoen ; viss,ti"nP asCta riWnhga:Dt o eSso ciEextpye ocfAt r chi TaubmaCno lloefAg rec hitaencUdtr ubraPenl anninvgi;s Ptrso?c eedoiftn hgeAs u straSloicainoe ftA yr chivists thBee ntlsetyo rLHiiicbraryla; Ctehnetf eoRrru ssiaCno nfereSnycdenI.e3y - IA7u gu2s0t0 2e, dS.u saLnl oyd anEda sEtu ropSetaundt iheCese n;t feorr ChSitnuedse(Ca nberAruasa:tl riSaonec tioyf A rchsitv2si00, 2)I,-I 27. KenKtl einm"aArnc,h ivAirncgh itee,Ac"rt cuhriSvcaile In,ce ietsh;e Infsottrhi Hetu umtaene istt;hiD ee aprtmoefn t no4. ( 20013):21 -23. Enigslthh;Ie n stfiotru tSReoe csieaatlrh Pcerh o;g irna m JoaMn. S chwa"rRt'ezc,o rodfSs i mpTlreu tahn dP riesci:o n' WomesnS 'tudtihePesr ;o grianCm o mparLaittievrea Photohgyr,Aa rpcihveasn,d tIhlel usoifCo ontn r,o"l turtehP;er ogirnaM me dieavnaEdla rMloyd erSnt udArchiv5a0(ra fila2l 0 001)4-:I . ietsh;De e aprtmoefRn otm anLcaen guaangLdei st erCaarolSytne edm"aThneS, p aceM eomfo rIyna: n A rch,i"ivn e turaen;td h Per ogirnAa mme riCcualnt. Tu hrbeer detah Histooftr hye HuSmcaine nIIc ,e s4 n( oaS.g e Puobnlsi,c ati 1998)65:8- 3. ofi nterreefsltie nct theeddsif erfe ensto urocfse usp port AnnL aurSat o,l" eCorlonAiraclh iavnedts h Aer tosfG over relfecwtets h,i tnhkue,n ivietcyro smmunity's deep com nanec,A"r chiSvcaile 2n,nc eo s. 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