Architects' Data

640 Pages·2000·56.15 MB·English

by  Ernst & Peter Neufert

third Edition
Ernst and Peter Neufert
Architects' Data
Third Edition
Edited by
Bousmaha Baiche
DipArch, MPhil, PhD
School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University
and
Nicholas Walliman
DipArch, PhD, RIBA
School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University
b
Blackwell
Science
ABOUT THIS BOOK
This book provides architects and designers with a concise on, for example, climate and daylight is from the perspective
source of core information needed to form a framework for of a temperate climate in the northern hemisphere. The
the detailed planning of any building project. The objective is conditions at the location of the proposed building will
to save time for building designers during their basic inves always have to be ascertained from specific information on
tigations. The information includes the principles of the the locality. A similar situation is to be seen in the section on
design process, basic information on siting, servicing and roads, where the illustrations show traffic driving on the
constructing buildings, as well as illustrations and descrip right-hand side of the road. Again, local conditions must be
tions of a wide range of building types. Designers need to be taken into consideration for each individual case.
well informed about the requirements for all the constituent The terminology and style of the text is UK English and this
parts of new projects in order to ensure that their designs clearly will need to be taken into account by readers accus
satisfy the requirements of the briefs and that the buildings tomed to American English. These readers will need to be
conform to accepted standards and regulations. aware that for example, 'lift' has been used in place of
The extended contents list shows how the book is orga 'elevator' and 'ground floor' is used instead of 'first floor'
nised and the order of the subjects discussed. To help read (and 'first floor' for 'second', etc.).
ers to identify relevant background information easily, the The data and examples included in the text are drawn from
Bibliography (page 589) and list of related British and inter a wide range of sources and as a result a combination of
national standards (page 595) have been structured in a way conventions is used throughout for dimensions. The mea
that mirrors the organisation of the main sections of the surements shown are all metric but a mixture of metres,
book. centimetres and millimetres is used and they are in the main
To avoid repetition and keep the book to a manageable not identified.
length, the different subjects are covered only once in full. Readers will also find some superscript numbers asso
Readers should therefore refer to several sections to glean all ciated with the measurements. Where these appear by
of the information they require. For instance, a designer dimensions in metres with centimetres, for instance, they
wanting to prepare a scheme for a college will need to refer to represent the additional millimetre component of the mea
other sections apart from that on colleges, such as - sure (e.g. 1.265 denotes 1 m, 26 cm, 5 mm). Anybody familiar
draughting guidelines; multistorey buildings; the various with the metric system will not find this troublesome and
sections on services and environmental control; restaurants those people who are less comfortable with metric units can
for the catering facilities; hotels, hostels and flats for the use the Conversion Tables given on pages 611 to 627 to
student accommodation; office buildings for details on clarify any ambiguities.
working environments; libraries; car-parks; disabled access The plans and diagrams of buildings do not have scales as
(in the housing and residential section); indoor and outdoor the purpose here is to show the general layout and express
sports facilities; gardens; as well as details on doors, windows, relationships between different spaces, making exact scaling
stairs, and the section on construction management, etc. unnecessary. However, all relevant dimensions are given on
Readers should note that the majority of the material is the detailed drawings and diagrams of installations, to assist
from European contributors and this means that the detail in the design of specific spaces and constructions.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Publishers wish to thank, in particular, Dr Bousmaha Simon Marshall, railway expert
Baiche, of the Postgraduate Research School, School of Stanley Partnership, Architects, Cheltenham
Architecture, Oxford Brookes University, for his enormous Malcom Lee, National Small-Bore Rifle Association (NSRA)
efforts and patience in overseeing the final English language British Steel Strip Products
edition. They would also like to thank his colleague, Dr Matthew Foreman, Katy Harris, Jo Olsen and members of
Nicholas Walliman, also of the Postgraduate Research staff, Foster and Partners, London
School, for his valuable contribution on questions of content Liza Kershaw and colleagues at RIBA Publications, the Royal
and terminology. Institute of the British Architects for permission to repro
The Publishers are also especially grateful to Paul Stringer duce forms on page 48 (copyright RIBA Publications 1999)
for his efforts in managing the editorial and production work Derek Wolferdale, Principal Track and Gauge Engineer at
on the new edition and for his exceptional attention to detail. Railtrack, and members of staff of Railtrack
They would also like to thank Mark Straker of Vector for his Graeme Loudon, The Met. Office
work on the illustrations and text, Richard Moore for proof Pam Beckley (Copyright Administrator), the Controller, and
reading, and the following for their work on the translation: members of staff of the Copyright Unit, HMSO for per
Bantrans Services, Chris Charlesworth, Chiltern Language mission to reproduce illustrations (Fig. 1, page 541 and Fig
Services, Katharina Hesse, Jeff Howell, Keith Murray, Amy 8, page 542) from Health Building Note 36 (Crown copy
Newland and Wordswop. right material is reproduced with the permission of the
Finally, they would like to thank the following for con Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office)
tributing information and illustrations to this edition: Addison-Wesley Longman for permission to reproduce
illustrations (Fig. 1, page 101 and Fig. 15 page 154) from
Martin Pugh, Trevor Fish, Group Property Services, Barclays The Climate of the British Isles (Chandler & Gregory)
Bank Pic Dr Ray Ogden, Professor Mike Jenks, Margaret Ackrill,
Peter J. Clement, Group Property, NatWest Group Postgraduate Research School, School of Architecture,
Mary Heighway and members of staff, Public Relations, Oxford Brookes University
Environment Agency Chris Kendrick, School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes Uni
Pick Everard, Graham Brown, Andrew Robinson, Pick Ever versity.
ard (Architects, Surveyors, and Consulting Engineers) and The illustrations on pages 134-7 are reproduced from The
J. Sainsbury's Pic Building Regulations Explained and Illustrated (powell
AsdatWCEC Architects Smith & Billington), Blackwell Science Ltd.
Lesley Baillie, Office of Health Economics
ix
INTRODUCTION
Throughout history man has created things to be of
service to him using measurements relating to his body.
Until relatively recent times, the limbs of humans were
the basis for all the units of measurement. Even today
many people would have a better understanding of the
size of an object if they were told that it was so many men
high, so many paces long, so many feet wider or so many
heads bigger. These are concepts we have from birth, the
sizes of which can be said to be in our nature. However,
the introduction of metric dimensions put an end to that
way of depicting our world.
Using the metric scale, architects have to try to create
a mental picture that is as accurate and as vivid as
possible. Clients are doing the same when they measure
rooms on a plan to envisage the dimensions in reality.
Architects should familiarise themselves with the size of
rooms and the objects they contain so that they can
picture and convey the real size of yet-to-be designed
furniture, rooms or buildings in each line they draw and
each dimension they measure.
We immediately have an accurate idea of the size of an
object when we see a man (real or imaginary) next to it. It
is a sign of our times that pictures of buildings and rooms
presented in our trade and professional journals are too
often shown without people present in them. From
pictures alone, we often obtain a false idea of the size of Leonardo da Vinci: rules of proportion
these rooms and buildings and are surprised how
different they appear in reality - frequently, they seem
much smaller than expected. One of the reasons for the
failure of buildings to have cohesive relationships with book. Many questions of principle were examined,
one another is because the designers have based their developed and weighed against one another for the first
work on different arbitrary scales and not on the only true time.
scale, namely that of human beings. In the current edition up-to-date technical options are
If this is ever to be changed, architects and designers included to the fullest extent and common standards are
must be shown how these thoughtlessly accepted taken into consideration. Description is kept to the
measurements have developed and how they can be absolute minimum necessary and is augmented or
avoided. They have to understand the relationship replaced as far as possible by drawings. Creative building
between the sizes of human limbs and what space a designers can thus obtain the necessary information for
person requires in various postures and whilst moving design in an orderly, brief, and coherent form, which
around. They must also know the sizes of objects, otherwise they would have to collect together laboriously
utensils, clothing etc. in everyday use to be able to from many reference sources or obtain by detailed
determine suitable dimensions for containers and measurement of completed buildings. Importance has
furniture. been attached to giving only a summary; the fundamental
In addition, architects and designers have to know data and experiences are compared with finished
what space humans need between furniture - both in the buildings only if it is necessary to provide a suitable
home and in the workplace - as well as how the furniture example.
can best be positioned. Without this knowledge, they will By and large, apart from the requirements of pertinent
be unable to create an environment in which no space is standards, each project is different and so should be
wasted and people can comfortably perform their duties studied, approached and designed afresh by the architect.
or enjoy relaxation time. Only in this way can there be lively progress within the
Finally, architects and designers must know the spirit of the times. However, executed projects lend
dimensions for minimum space requirements for people themselves too readily to imitation, or establish
moving around in, for example, railways and vehicles. conventions from which architects of similar projects may
These minimum space requirements produce strongly find difficulty in detaching themselves. If creative
fixed impressions from which, often unconsciously, other architects are given only constituent parts, as is the
dimensions of spaces are derived. intention here, they are compelled to weave the
Man is not simply a physical being, who needs room. components together into their own imaginative and
Emotional response is no less important; the way people unified construction.
feel about any space depends crucially on how it is Finally, the component parts presented here have been
divided up, painted, lit, entered, and furnished. systematically researched from the literature to provide
Starting out from all these considerations and the data necessary for individual building tasks, checked
perceptions, Ernst Neufert began in 1926 to collect out on well-known buildings of a similar type and, where
methodically the experiences gained in a varied practice necessary, determined from models and experiments.
and teaching activities. He developed a 'theory of The objective of this is always that of saving practising
planning' based on the human being and provided a building planners from having to carry out all of these
framework for assessing the dimensions of buildings and basic investigations, thereby enabling them to devote
their constituent parts. The results were embodied in this themselves to the important creative aspects of the task.
UNITS AND SYMBOLS
bastc unIt definitIon SI units in symbol name (unit) meaning and relationshIps
unlt symbol based on the definItion
ampere (Al current
1 length metre m kwrayvpetolenn grathd iaotfi on V volt IVI potentIal dIfference" 1 V == 1 W/A
R ohm Illi resistance: 1 !.1 == 1 VIA
2 mass kIlogram kg pinrtoetrontaytpioen al o coulomb (Cl charge: 1 C == 1 As
P watt{W) power
3 tIme second duration period of G siemens (S) conductance: 1 S == 1/i2
caesium radIation
F farad (F) capacitance: 1 F == 1 AsN
4 ceulercretrnict al ampere A ebleetcwtreoedny tnwaom cico npdouwcetro rs kg, m, S H henry (H) mductance: 1 H = 1 Vs/A
<P weber (Wb) magnetic flux: 1 Wb == 1 Vs
5 temperature ketvm K triple point of water 8 tesla (T) magnetic flux denSIty"" 1 T = 1 Wb/m}
6 luminous candela cd radiation from freezing kg, S
Intensity platinum ®
Symbols and units: electromagnetism
7 quantity of mole mol number of carbon atoms kg
matter
G) symbol (unit) meaning
SI basic units
temperature
(note: intervals in Celsius and kelVin are ldentlcal)
The statutory mtroductlOn of SI Units took place in stages between 1974 and 1977. It IKI temperature differential
As from 1 January 1978 the International Measurement System became valid using
$1 Untts (51 == Systeme InternatlonaJe d'Unites). IJI quantity of heat
(also measured m kilowatt hours (k.Wh))
IW/mKI thermal conductivity (k-value)
prefixes and therr abbreviations are:
IW/mKI equIvalent thermal conductivity
(tera) = 1012 (billion) (cent!) == 1/100 (hundredth) IW/m'KI coeffIcient of thermal conductance (C-value)
G (glga) = 109 (US bIllion) (mIlltl == 103 (thousandth) IW/m2KI coeffiCIent of heat transfer (U-value)
M (mega) = 106 (millIon) (micro) == 10-6 (millionth) (W/m2K) coeffiCient of heat penetration
(kIlo) = 10J (thousand) (nano) == 109 (US bIllionth) 1/1 (m2K/W) value of thermal insulation
(hecto) == 100 P (pico) == 10 12 (billionth) lin (m2KJW) heat transfer resistance (R-value)
da (deca) = 10 (femto) =-10 15 (US trillionth)
11k Im'K!W1 heat penetration resistance
(decd = 1/10 (tenth) (atto) == 10 18 (trillionth)
D' (m2K/W cm) coeffiCIent of heat resistance
no more than one prefix can be used at the same tIme IWh/kgKI specific heat value
CD IWh/m3KI coefficient of heat storage
Decimal multipliers
11/KI coeffIcient of linear expansion
IPal pressure
area 1 m" 1 m == 1 m2 !Pal vapour pressure
velOCity 1 m " 1 s 1 = 1 ms 1 == 1 m/s Igi quantity of steam
acceleration 1 m " 1 s 2 == 1 ms 2 = 1 m/s2 191 quantity of condensed water
1%1 relatIve atmosphenc humidity
force 1 kg " 1 m " 1 s I == 1 kg m s 2 == 1 kg m/s2
1-1 coefficient of diffUSIOn resistance
denSIty 1 kg " 1 m J == 1 kg m 3 '" 1 kg/m3
p d (cm) equivalent atmosphertc layer thickness
CD \, (g/m2hPa) coeffIcient of water vapour penetration
Examples of deriving SI units (m2hPa/gl resIstance to water vapour penetration
IW/mKI layer factor
IW/mKI layer factor of atmospheric strata
quantity unit dimenSions relationships 1(,$/kWhl heatIng cost
(symbol) (M == mass,
L = length,
T = tlme)
Symbols and units: heat and moisture
area A m' L'
volume V symbol (unit) meanIng
denstty /) kgm 3 ML3 Iml wavelength
velOCity v ms 1 LT' IHzl frequency
acceleration a ms 2 LT' fy, IHzl limiting frequency
momentum p kgms 1 MLT 1 f" IHzl frequency resonance
moment of Inertia I,J kgml ML' (N/cm?) dynamiC modulus of elastIcity
angular momentum L kgm1s 1 MLZT 1 S' (N/cm3) dynamiC stiffness
force F newton (N) MLT 2 1 N == 1 kgm/s2 R IdBI measurement of airborn nOIse reduction
Rm IdBI average measurement of noise reduction
energy, work E, W Joule (J) 1 J = 1 Nm == 1 Ws
1 keal = 4186 J, R' IdBI measurement of airborn noise suppression m a
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ bUilding
power P watt(W) ML 2T 3 1 W = 1 J/s IdBI Impact noise level standard
pressure, stress p, (J pascal (Pa) ML IT 2 1 Pa '" 1 N/m2 I-I degree of sound absorptIon
1 bar = 105 Pa A (m2) equivalent noise absorptIOn area
surface tenSIon y Nm 1 ML 1T 2 Iml radIUS of reverberation
viscosity '/ kgm 1s 1 ML 1T 1 .IL IdBI noise level reduction
o
(j)
Summary of main derived 51 units Symbols and units: sound
2
UNITS AND SYMBOLS
quantity symbol SI Unit statutory Unit old unit relationships Mathematical symbols
symbols symbols symbols > greater than
normal 1 rad = 57.296 = 63 662 gon greater than or equal to
angle pengon pi, 1 pia = 211 rad < smaller than
fight angle 1-= 1/4 pia" (11/2) rad
degree old degrees , = H90 = 1 pla/360 = (R/180) rad smaller than or equal to
msellc1ountde 1" " == 1, '//6600 = 1 /3600 L sum of
gon gon new degrees 1 gon = 1 g = ll/100 = 1 pla/400 L angle
= 1l!200 rad
new mmute 1 c = 10 2 gon sin sine
new second 1 cc " 10 2) c = 10-4 gon
cos cosine
length metre mch 1ll1=254mm tan tangent
millimetre foot 1 ft = 30 48 cm
centimetre fathom fathom 1 fathom = 1 8288 m cotan cotangent
declmetre dm mile mil 1 mil = 1 609 km
kilometre km nautical mile 1 sm = 1.852 km on average
equals
A square
metre square fool (= 0092m2), identically equal
section acre (0.405 hal slillill use
of land 1 a = 102m not equals
plots hectare h' 1 ha = 104m roughly equals, about
volume cubic metre congruent
litre 11 = 1 dm3= 103m3
normal normal cubic metre Nm! 1 Nm3 = 1 m3 In norm condition asymptotically equal
volume cublcmelre cbm cbm= 1 m3 (similar) to
infinity
second
[line span, mll1ute lmm =60s II parallel
duration hour lh = 60 mill = 3600s
d,y 1 d = 24h" 86400s equal and parallel
year a,Y 1a = ly = 87658h = 3.1557, lO's not identically equal to
frequency hertl 1 Hz = 1/s for expressll1g x multiplied by
reciprocal frequencies III dimensional equatIOns
of duration divided by
angular reciprocal lis {1} = 2, f 1- perpendicular
frequency second
angular radians per rad,s V volume, content
veloCity second solid angle
no of revs reciprocal root of
speed of second revs per second revs per second 'p' l/s=t/s=r/s
revolutIOns revs per minute rim 111 revs per mll1ute 'pm final increment
congruent
velOCity metres per kilometres km/h 1 mls = 3.6km/h
second per hour knots kn 1 kn = 1 smlh = 1 852 km/h f\, triangle
dcceleratlon metres per 11 same direction, parallel
(lue to second per g" g" 1 gal = 1 cm/s2 = 10 2 m/s2 II opposite direction, parallel
gravity second
kilogram kg
weight (as a gram 1 g = 10 3 kg Greek alphabet
wreesiuglht ionfg tonne pound Ib 1litb = =1 0 M 4g5 3=5 190233 7kg k g A (X (a) alpha
metriC pound , metnc pound = 0.5 kg B j) (b) beta
ton Ion 1 ton = 2240 Ib = 1016 kg
I'y (g) gamma
tfhorrcues t newton dyn dyn 11 dNy =n l=k g1m g/csm2 is=2 1 = W 1s0/m, N = 1 Jim c\ 6 (d) delta
pond 1 P = 9 80665 ~ 10 3 N F F (e) epsilon
kilopond kp
megapond Mp Z: (z) zeta
kilogram force kg!f H'l (e) eta
tonne force l,'f
(-) {) (th) theta
stress newtons newtons
strength per square per square kiloponds per 1 kpicm2 .0 0.0980665 Nimm2 It (i) iota
b612dn9lS bGl2dn9lG rQobouq2 b6l 1 rb'cw'i = 0 Oa80ee2 V1\WWs I r (I) 1019
lI€iN(OIIS neWOIl!; 1~,\ItHtl
strength per square per square kiloponds per 1 kp;cm2 = 0.0980665 N;mm2 It (i) iota
metre millimetre square cmlmm 1 kpimm2 = 9 80665 N,mm2 K" (k) kappa
ener~lV WE Joule 1 J = 1 Nm = 1 Ws = 10' erg ;\ Ie (I) lambda
kilowall hour kWh h.p per hour h p. h 11 khW ph;h = =3 26 6, 417086 0J, 1.0 036 6 J MJ M ~ (m) mu
e'g e'g 1 erg" 10 7 J N \' (n) nu
quanlllyof Q Joule calorie col 1 cal = 4 1868 J = 1 163 ' 103 Wh
heat ~;; (x) xi
torque M new10n metre Nm kdopond metre kpm 1 kpm " 9.80665 J
tlendmg M, or Joule ()" (0) omicron
moment fl IT (p) pi
power watt W 1 W = 1 Jis '" 1 Nm/s = 1 kg m2/s3 P P (r) rho
energy
current horsepower hp 1 h.p = 745 7 kW L" (s) sigma
thermodynamic T ketvln deg. kelVin T T (t) tau
temperature deg. Rankine Roo 5/9 K y u (u) upsilon
CelSIUS temp degrees CelSIUS fl = T -T., (T. = 273 15 K)
temperature \ Tor \H = \ T. therefore <I> Q (ph) phi
Ifllervaf anti H\ lK,,1C=1deg =: X (ch) chi
differential
Fahrenheit II, deg_ Fahrenheit Hf = 9/5 tl + 32 = 9/~ T -459 67 '¥ IjI (ps) psi
temperature
Reaumur temp H" deg Reaumur il (0 (0) omega
CD
51 and statutory units for the construction industry
3
DOCUMENTATION AND DRAWINGS
The format of documentation (whether in the form of
plans, reports, letters, envelopes etc.) has, apart from in the
y/2 USA, generally been standardised to conform to the
r-x/2 internationally accepted (ISO) series of paper sheet sizes in
1 the 'A', '8', 'C' and '0' ranges. These standard paper
formats are derived from a rectangular sheet with an area
t1l y of 1 m2. Using the 'golden square', the lengths of the sides
are chosen as x = 0.841 m and y = 1.189m such that:
'---~~~---' x x y = 1
I----X--1 I----X--1 x:y=1:v2
This forms the basis for the A series. Maintaining the same
CD -0 ratio of length to width, the sheet sizes are worked out by
Basis of paper formats
progressively halving (or, the other way round, doubling)
the sheet area, as would happen if the rectangular sheet
format A series 8 senes C senes was repeatedly folded exactly in half • CD -Q).
0 841,1189 1000,1414 917 , 1297 Additional ranges (8, C, and D) are provided for the
1 594 '" 841 707 " 1000 648 x 917 associated products that require larger paper sizes, i.e.
2 420 '< 594 500 , 707 458 , 648 posters, envelopes, loose-leaf file binders, folders etc. The
formats of range 8 are designed for posters and wall
3 297 " 420 353 , 500 324, 458
charts. The formats in ranges C and 0 are the geometric
4 210" 297 250 ,353 229 , 324 mean dimensions of ranges A and 8 and are used to
5 148" 210 176, 250 162,229 manufacture the envelopes and folders to take the A sizes .
6 105" 148 125" 176 114" 162 • @ The extra size needed for loose-leaf binders, folders
and box files will depend on the size and type of clamping
7 74 " 105 88, 125 81 '< 141
device employed.
8 52" 74 62" 88 57" 81
The strip or side margin formats are formed by halves,
9 37" 52 44" 62 quarters, and eighths of the main formats (for envelopes,
10 26" 37 31 " 44 signs, drawings etc.) -; @ + @.
11 18" 26 22" 31 Pads and duplicate books using carbon less paper also
have standard formats but may have a perforated edge or
12 13" 18 15" 22
border, which means the resulting pages will be a
CD corresponding amount smaller than the standard sheet
Sheet sizes
size -+ @.
During book-binding, a further trim is usually necessary,
format abbre- mm giving pages somewhat smaller than the standard format
vtatron
size. However, commercial printers use paper supplied in
half length A4 1/2 A4 105" 297
the RA or SRA sizes and this has an allowance for
quarter length A4 1/4 A4 52 " 297 trimming, which allows the final page sizes to match the
one eighth A7 1/8 A7 9" 105 standard formats.
half length C4 1/2 C4 114,324
etc.
®
Strip formats
112M
o A4
Format strips in A4
o t------210 ------;
Loose-leaf binder I--layout width header area ----l I picas nlrn
I
81 5 type area width 39.5 40.5 167 171
type width, .0c> type area, height (Without header/footer) 58.5 I 59 247 250
double .Wc
column 0 space between columns 1 5
.0E
"- max. Width, Single column 39.5 167
® ~
Pads (including carbonless) max. width, double column 19 81
inSide (gutter) margin, nominal 16 14
r-- type width, -
single column outer (side) margin, nominal 27 25
167
11
top (head) margin, nominal 20 19
bottom (foot) margm, nomina! 30 28
footer area
® @
Bound and trimmed books Layouts and type area with A4 standard format
4
DOCUMENTATION AND DRAWINGS
The use of standard drawing formats makes it easier for
architects to layout drawings for discussion in the design
office or on the building site, and also facilitates posting and
filing. The trimmed, original drawing or print must therefore
uncut drawmg sheet, conform to the formats of the ISO A series. ,@-@
depending on requirement,
IS 2-3cm wider than The box for written details should be the following
final trimmed original
draWing and print distance from the edge of the drawing:
for formats AO-A3 10mm
for formats A4-A6 5mm
For small drawings, a filing margin of up to 25 mm can be
box for WrItten
details and used, with the result that the usable area of the finished
parts list format will be smaller.
As an exception, narrow formats can be arrived at by
stringing together a row of identical or adjacent formats out
of the format range.
G)
Standard drawing From normal roll widths, the following sizes can be used
to give formats in the A series:
sheet sizes In ace ISO AO ISO A1 ISO A2 ISOA3 ISO A4 ISO A5
with ISO A senes for drawing paper, tracing paper 1500, 1560mm
uncut blank 880,1230 625,880 450,625 330,450 240" 330 165>-240 (derived from this 250, 1250, 660, 900 mm)
paper (mm)
for print paper 650,900, 1200mm
format trtmmed, 841,1189 594,,841 420,594 297" 420 210,297 148,210
finished sheet (mrn) If all the drawing formats up to AO are to be cut from a
paper web, a roll width of at least 900 mm will be necessary.
0
Sheet sizes Drawings which are to be stored in A4 box files should
be folded as follows:, ®
-A "-
(1 )The writing box must always be uppermost, in the
r;::"-= -~ ~.- ~~ :::;l
correct place and clearly visible.
I I I
(2) On starting to fold, the width of 210 mm (fold 1)
i'
I uncut format I must always be maintained, and it is useful to use a
cutting II~~t 0p~i~;awing _ 210 x 297 mm template.
I I .1 I (3) Fold 2 is a triangular fold started 297 mm up from the
,!. 1 bottom left-hand corner, so that on the completely
I '" I
1 1 cut-out ISO A2, A 1, AO folded drawing only the left bottom field, indicated
I , I with a cross, will be punched or clamped.
1 WrItIng box
(4) The drawing is next folded back parallel to side 'a'
oL '::::._ ~ ~ ____ =.J using a 185 x 298 mm template. Any remaining area
ISO size A2; A1; AO is concertina-folded so as to even out the sheet size
C-B" --c-- and this leaves the writing box on the top surface. If
W· .'.- ---- III it is not possible to have even folds throughout, the
final fold should simply halve the area left (e.g. A 1
I 1
I [ fold 5, AO fold 7). Any longer standard formats can be
folded in a similar way.
I I
+0 a (5) The resulting strip should be fOlded from side 'b' to
cut-out ISO A3
I give a final size of 210 x 297 mm.
j wrtting box To reinforce holes and filing edges, a piece of A5 size
o~ QJ cardboard (148 x 210 mm) can be glued to the back of the
punched part of the drawing.
ISOsizeA3
<;
o
ISO sizeA5 cut-out ISO A4
dfolVr ISlons ~~. of ilde~~lcal te~~s bYIS h;;t siie A4
:
a 16 I
I : I :
b 12 :2 \
®
ISOsizeA4 ([) Field divisions (grid squares)
ISO A2
ISO A3
®
Dimensions and scheme for folding
5
DOCUMENTATION AND DRAWINGS
Arrangement
Leave a 5cm wide blank strip down the left
hand edge of the sheet for binding or
stapling. The writing box on the extreme
right -4 CD should contain the following
details:
(1) type of drawing (sketch, preliminary
design, design etc.)
(2) type of view or the part of the
building illustrated (layout drawing,
~ $N plan view, section, elevation, etc.)
(3) scale
garden
basement ..•gr".o,. u.n..d. .fl.o..o•r .. .....u.p.p.e.r' .f..l..o... .o....r.... , ...... . layout writing (4) dimensions, if necessary.
l.---- box
l1li11 I I I I On drawings used for statutory approvals
(and those used by supervisors during
Qj
· ........................ .,. ...... :.. .... :.. . .:. ........ . construction) it might also contain:
(1) the client's name (and signature)
? 5 . .: ....: " (2) the building supervisor's name (and
· . . . ..
....· ...... -. . ........ : .....'....... ... . signature)
foundations layout of joists roof truss layout site plan (3) the main contractor's signature
(4) the building supervisor's comments
Suitable arrangement of a construction drawing about inspection and the building
permit (if necessary on the back of
10 5 0 10 20 30 40
the sheet).
-+I~II~I+IHII+I~II~I------~I-------I~-----r1------1
A north-point must be shown on the
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Suitable arrangement of scale details drawings for site layouts, plan views etc.
Scales
The main scale of the drawing must be given in large type in the box for written
details. Other scales must be in smaller type and these scales must be repeated
\- next to their respective diagrams. All objects should be drawn to scale; where the
drawing is not to scale the dimensions must be underlined. As far as possible, use
the following scales:
for construction drawings: 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:25, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:250
for site layouts: 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:2500, 1:5000, 1:10000, 1:25000.
Measurement Figures and Other Inscriptions
In continental Europe, for structural engineering and architectural drawings,
dimensions under 1 m are generally given in cm and those above 1 m in m.
However, recently the trend has been to give all dimensions in mm, and this is
standard practice in the UK.
Chimney stack flues, pressurised gas pipes and air ducts are shown with their
internal dimensions as a fraction (width over length) and, assuming they are
circular, by the use of the symbol 0 for diameter.
Squared timber is also shown as a fraction written as width over height.
The rise of stairs is shown along the course of the centre-line, with the tread
depth given underneath (--> p. 13).
Window and door opening dimensions are shown, as with stairs, along the central
o axis. The width is shown above, and the internal height below, the line ( > p. 13).
Standard method of dimensioning an Details of floor heights and other heights are measured from the finished floor
oddly shaped plan (measurements level of the ground floor (FFL: zero height ± 0.00).
given are structural dimensions)
Room numbers are written inside a circle and surface area details, in m2, are
displayed in a square or a rectangle -4 @.
...............t ,:iK ... !... .. Section lines in plan views are drawn in chain dot lines and are labelled with
capital letters, usually in alphabetical order, to indicate where the section cuts
through the building. As well as standard dimensional arrows -4 @ oblique arrows
s:z+ 2 75 and extent marks -4 ® + (!) are commonly used. The position of the dimensional
figures must be such that the viewer, standing in front of the drawing, can read the
Y +269 .~Ocl dimensions as easily as possible, without having to turn the drawing round, and
they must be printed in the same direction as the dimension lines.
in ground plans
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<------- 6250 ~ -
:.:.:.:.".:.:.::i%¥.: ..
L:.:.:
®
f-- 6250 --"t t----
-25 + 312 o
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Heights as shown in sections and f-
elevations