Archaeology in America 4 volumes : An Encyclopedia

1477 Pages·2009·26.43 MB·English

by  Francis McManamon

Archaeology in America
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Archaeology in America
An Encyclopedia
Volume 1
Northeast and Southeast
Francis P. McManamon, General Editor
Linda S. Cordell, Kent G. Lightfoot,
and George R. Milner, Editorial Board
GREENWOOD PRESS
Westport, Connecticut • London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Archaeology in America : an encyclopedia / Francis P. McManamon, general editor ; Linda S. Cordell, Kent
G. Lightfoot, and George R. Milner, editorial board.
v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v. 1. Northeast and Southeast — v. 2. Midwest and Great Plains/Rocky Mountains — v. 3.
Southwest and Great Basin/Plateau — v. 4. West Coast and Arctic/Subarctic.
ISBN 978–0–313–33184–8 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978–0–313–33185–5 (v. 1 : alk. paper) — ISBN
978–0–313–33186–2 (v. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978–0–313–33187–9 (v. 3 : alk. paper) — ISBN
978–0–313–35021–4 (v. 4 : alk. paper)
1. United States—Antiquities—Encyclopedias. 2. Excavations (Archaeology)—United States—
Encyclopedias. 3. Historic sites—United States—Encyclopedias. 4. Archaeology—United States—
Encyclopedias. 5. Canada—Antiquities—Encyclopedias. 6. Excavations
(Archaeology)—Canada—Encyclopedias. 7. Historic sites—Canada—Encyclopedias. 8. Archaeology—
Canada—Encyclopedias. I. McManamon, Francis P. II. Cordell, Linda S. III. Lightfoot, Kent G., 1953– IV.
Milner, George R., 1953–
E159.5.A68 2009
973.03—dc22 2008020844
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright © 2009 by Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without the
express written consent of the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008020844
ISBN: 978–0–313–33184–8 (set)
978–0–313–33185–5 (vol. 1)
978–0–313–33186–2 (vol. 2)
978–0–313–33187–9 (vol. 3)
978–0–313–35021–4 (vol. 4)
First published in 2009
Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.greenwood.com
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this book complies with the
Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Cover: Fort Sumter and view of Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Fort Sumter is an important site of the
American Civil War. On April 12, 1861, Confederate artillery fired upon this Federal fort, which surrendered
two days later marking the beginning of the Civil War. For related essays, see Steven D. Smith, “Historic
Period Military Sites in the Southeast” and Robert S. Neyland, “The CSS HunleyShipwreck: The Recovery
and Investigation of a Civil War Submarine.”
CONTENTS
List of Entries vii
Preface xi
Archaeology in America—It’s Right Under Our Feet xiii
Northeast Region 1
Northeast Regional Map 3
Introduction 5
Entries for the Northeast Region 7
Southeast Region 199
Southeast Regional Map 201
Introduction 203
Entries for the Southeast Region 205
Glossary 381
Index 387
About the Editorial BoardandAbout the Contributorscan be found in volume 4.
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VOLUME 1: NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST
NORTHEAST LIST OF ENTRIES
Overview of the Archaeology of the Northeast 9
Earliest Inhabitants of the Northeast 13
Archaic Period Archaeology in the Northeast 18
Ancient Village Life in the Northeast 19
Early European Settlements in the Northeast 25
Military Site Archaeology in the Northeast 28
Historic Archaeology of Northeastern Cities 32
Historic Industrial Archaeology Sites 36
Ancient Sites in the Far Northeast 39
Meadowcroft Rockshelter and Nearby Paleoindian Sites 43
Paleoindian and Earlier Sites in Virginia 47
Lake Champlain Area Ancient Sites 51
Lamoka Lake and Native American Archaeology of New York 53
Native American Sites on Long Island 56
Ancient Archaeology of the Lower Connecticut River Valley 59
Boston Harbor Islands and Other Ancient Sites 61
Mount Desert Area Sites 63
Cape Cod National Seashore 65
Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket Archaeology 68
Archaeology in and around Washington, D.C. 74
L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site 78
Mohawk River Valley Archaeology 83
Red Bay National Historic Site and Early Historic St. Lawrence Sites 87
St. Croix Island International Historic Site 92
The Archaeology of the Early America 95
The Archaeology of the Powhatan Chiefdom 103
Accokeek Creek and Nanjemoy Creek Ossuaries 105
The Historic Period Archaeology of the Chesapeake Bay Area 107
Ancient and Historic Archaeology of the Monacan Indians 112
Early Historic Archaeology in Albany 114
Deerfield Village and Nearby Sites 118
Early Dutch, English, and American Historic Sites in New York 122
RI-1000, a Seventeenth-Century Narragansett Cemetery Site 124
Cocumscussoc, North Kingstown, Rhode Island 126
Queen’s Fort, North Kingstown, Rhode Island 129
Boston and Charlestown Historic Sites 132
Colonial Pemaquid State Historic Site 134
Pointe-à-Callière, Montréal Museum of Archaeology and History 138
The Archaeology of Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Northern Plantations 140
Christian Indian Communities in New England after King Philip’s War 143
viii Volume 1:Northeast and Southeast
The African Burial Ground National Monument 147
Annapolis Historic Period Archaeology 153
Minute Man National Historical Park 156
Fort Ticonderoga and Other Lake Champlain Historic Sites 160
Saratoga Battlefield 164
Franklin Court, the President’s House, and Other Sites 166
The Archaeology of Thomas Jefferson 172
The Yorktown Shipwrecks 174
The Archaeology of Alexandria 176
Lowell National Historical Park 180
Salem Maritime National Historic Site 182
Harpers Ferry National Historic Park 184
The Robinson House Site 189
Manassas, Antietam, Monocacy, and Petersburg 191
The USS MonitorShipwreck Site 195
SOUTHEAST LIST OF ENTRIES
The Earliest Inhabitants and Sites in the Southeast 207
Ancient Earthen and Shell Architecture 210
Ancient Sites and Architecture on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts 216
Complex Ancient Societies in the Lower Mississippi Valley and Florida 223
The Origin and Development of Southeastern Chiefdoms 227
Ancient Village Life in the Southeast 230
De Soto’s Expedition and Other Early European-Indian Encounters 232
Native American Population Decline and European Contact 235
St. Augustine and Other Early European Colonial Settlements 239
Submerged Terrestrial Sites and Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico 241
Historic Period Military Sites in the Southeast 248
Paleoindian Sites in the Southeast 251
Dust Cave 255
The Sloan Site 258
The Windover Site 260
The Hardaway Site 261
The Mulberry Creek and Eva Sites 262
The Icehouse Bottom Site 265
Watson Brake 268
Poverty Point State Historic Site 270
Ancient Shell Ring Sites 273
Copena Sites 277
Marksville State Historic Site 280
Pinson Mounds State Archaeological Park 281
The Hiwassee Island Site 283
The Tunacunnhee Site 287
The McKeithen Site 288
Bynum Mounds Site 293
Kolomoki Mounds State Historic Park 294
The Key Marco Site 296
The Lake George Site 298
The Winterville Site 300
Moundville Archaeological Park 302
Lubbub Creek Archaeological Complex 305
Ocmulgee National Monument 309
The Calusa 311
Toltec Mounds Archeological State Park 317
The Etowah Site 318
Lake Jackson Mounds State Archaeological Site 321
The Harlan Site 322
Spiro Mounds Archaeological Park 324
Volume 1:Northeast and Southeast ix
The Town Creek Mound State Historic Site 327
The Site of Coosa or Little Egypt 329
The Fatherland Site 331
The Hillsborough Archaeological District 333
The Tatham Mound Site 338
The Governor Martin Site 340
Parkin Archeological State Park 342
The Santa Elena and Charlesfort Sites 343
St. Augustine 348
The Site of Santa Catalina de Guale 350
The Site of Mission San Luis de Apalachee 353
Fort St. Louis and Spanish Presidio La Bahía 355
La BelleShipwreck 359
Arkansas Post National Memorial 362
The Historic Period Tunica Indians 363
The Chota and Tanasee Sites 365
The Chalmette Battlefield Site 368
Shiloh National Military Park 372
The CSS HunleyShipwreck 375
Andersonville National Historic Site 378