Applied Remote Sensing for Urban Planning, Governance and Sustainability

303 Pages·2007·8.226 MB·English

by  Maik Netzband, William L. Stefanov (auth.), Dr. Maik Netzband, Dr. William L. Stefanov, Professor Charles Redman (eds.)

Maik Netzband
William L. Stefanov
Charles Redman
(Editors)
Applied Remote Sensing for Urban Planning,
Governance and Sustainability
Maik Netzband
William L. Stefanov
Charles Redman
(Editors)
Applied Remote Sensing
for Urban Planning,
Governance and Sustainability
with 34 Figures
Dr. Maik Netzband
Helmholtz-Centre
for Environmental Research - UFZ
Permoserstrasse 15
04315 Leipzig
Germany
Dr. William L. Stefanov
NASA Johnson Space Center
Houston, TX 77058
USA
Professor Charles Redman
Director, School of the Global
Institute of Sustainability
Arizona State University
Tempe AZ 85287-3211
USA
Cover image is a subset of an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection
Radiometer (ASTER) orthorectified scene of the Phoenix, Arizona, USA metropolitan
area acquired on May 2, 2007. Visible to near-infrared ASTER bands 1, 2, and 3N are
mapped to blue, green, and red respectively. Image credit:
NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and the U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007931201
ISBN 978-3-540-25546-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Preface
As the global human population continues to expand, and cities become
the locus of this expansion, the need to understand and monitor the func-
tion of cities from physical, social, and atmospheric perspectives becomes
increasingly important. One of the most important tools, both for research
and operational monitoring, is remotely sensed data. The 19th and 20th cen-
turies saw the development of urban remote sensing as an applied science,
progressing from airborne balloon photography in the United States Civil
War to sophisticated multi-wavelength sensors onboard orbiting satellites.
At the start of the 21st century, the amount of data available for urban re-
mote sensing is staggering. Data can now be acquired at multiple times per
day, and at spatial scales ranging from 1 kilometer to less than 1 meter per
pixel. The computational power to extract meaningful quantitative results
from remotely sensed data has also improved – tasks that once required the
resources of a university or government laboratory can be done swiftly by
a single analyst using a desktop computer and appropriate software. These
developments in both data access and data processing ability present excit-
ing and cost-effective opportunities for regional and local urban planners,
developers, and managers.
Over the past six years, scientists in the Urban Environmental Monitor-
ing (UEM) Project - recently renamed the 100 Cities Project - based at
Arizona State University (ASU) have been crafting a series of metrics to
characterize the spatial and socio-ecological structure of cities, together
with methods to validate inferred patterns. A wide range of disciplines has
been involved, including the geological sciences, engineering, social sci-
ence, geography, ecology, and anthropology. Much of this work has neces-
sarily focused upon Phoenix, Arizona as that is the base of the UEM/100
Cities project. To further test our methods, we have formed an expanding
network of partner cities in developed and developing countries. These
partner cities offer readily available scientific resources and personnel
(both academic and non-academic) eager to apply new remote sensing-
based approaches to pressing environmental problems.
This book is the first major cooperative effort of the 100 Cities Project
resulting in a joint publication. It is intended as a reader for examples of
applied remote sensing for urban environmental characterization, monitor-
ing, and government decision-making, rather than a technical methodology
volume – several of which have been published in recent years, and are
referenced in the chapters. Our goal is to illustrate the most common and
vi
urgent problems facing both developed and developing cities, and present
examples of how geo-information (remotely sensed data and GIS) can help
solve practical and operational planning problems.
We greatly appreciate the patience and cooperation of the chapter au-
thors during the review and revision process. The chapter reviewers pro-
vided thoughtful critiques and suggestions to the authors. Their efforts
have helped improve the quality and usefulness of this volume: Sharolyn
Anderson, Mike Applegarth, Dan Blumberg, Jürgen Breuste, William
Clark, Subhrajit Guhathakurta, Francisco Lara, Ray Quay, Julie A. Robin-
son, Richard Sliuzas, William D. Solecki, Frederick R Steiner, Paul C. Sut-
ton, Christiane Weber, Douglas R. Webster, and Xiaojun Yang.
Funding for the workshop, and partial support to the editors for comple-
tion of this book, was provided by NASA Earth Science Enterprise Re-
search Program grant NNG04G057G to Philip R. Christensen, ASU; and
NSF Long Term Ecological Research Program site grant DEB-9714833 to
Nancy B. Grimm and Charles L. Redman, ASU. Philip R. Christensen
conceived and promoted the original 100 Cities/Urban Environmental
Monitoring Project as an ASTER Science Team Member, and we ac-
knowledge his continued support of urban remote sensing research at
ASU. We also acknowledge Michael Ramsey (University of Pittsburgh),
for his contributions as lead scientist while a postdoctoral researcher (and
later, visiting assistant professor) at ASU during the first few years of the
project.
We would like to thank the staff of the ASU Global Institute of Sustain-
ability for contributions directly leading to production of this book, in par-
ticular Kathryn Kyle for technical editing of the book chapters; and Lauren
Kuby for logistical support of the workshop and editing of the Introduc-
tion. The following personnel of the Mars Space Flight Facility, School of
Earth and Space Exploration, at ASU provided valuable administrative,
programming, and data wrangling support: Chris Eisinger, Tara Fisher,
Jayme Harris, Chris Kurtz, Ed Maple, and Dale Noss. Stefanov also thanks
the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory at NASA Johnson Space Center
for providing computer resources used in the completion of this book.
Mention of specific software packages, programs, or computer platforms
does not indicate endorsement by the editors or chapter authors.
Maik Netzband
William L. Stefanov
Charles L. Redman
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................v
List of Contributors.............................................................................xiii
Glossary.............................................................................................xxiii
Chapter 1 - Remote Sensing as a Tool for Urban Planning and
Sustainability..............................................................................................1
1.1 Overview......................................................................................1
1.2 Social problems............................................................................4
1.3 Urban structure............................................................................5
1.4 Climatic and atmospheric applications for urban remote
sensing.........................................................................................6
1.5 Urban geohazards and environmental monitoring.......................8
1.6 Urban form and periphery............................................................9
1.7 Open space preservation............................................................10
1.8 Evaluation of urban natural environments.................................11
1.9 Urban satellite sensors and mission legacy................................11
1.10 Urban monitoring initiatives..................................................13
1.11 Urban environmental monitoring project at Arizona
State University......................................................................14
1.12 Outlook..................................................................................16
1.12.1 Case study Phoenix, USA..................................................16
1.12.2 Case study Rio de Janeiro, Brazil......................................17
1.12.3 Case study Buenos Aires, Argentina.................................17
1.12.4 Case study Berlin, Germany..............................................17
1.12.5 Case study New Delhi, India.............................................17
1.12.6 Case study Chiang Mai, Thailand......................................17
1.12.7 Case study Chengdu and Guangzhou, China.....................18
1.12.8 Interurban comparison.......................................................18
1.13 References..............................................................................19
Chapter 2 - Automatic Land-Cover Classification Derived from High-
Resolution IKONOS Satellite Imagery in the Urban Atlantic Forest of
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by Means of an Object-Oriented Approach...25
2.1 Introduction................................................................................25
2.2 Methodology..............................................................................28
2.2.1 Study area..........................................................................28
2.2.2 Data....................................................................................28
2.2.3 Analysis.............................................................................29
2.3 Results and discussion...............................................................31
2.4 Conclusion.................................................................................34
2.5 References..................................................................................35
Chapter 3 - Advances in Urban Remote Sensing: Examples From
Berlin (Germany).....................................................................................37
3.1 Introduction................................................................................37
3.2 New remote sensing technologies..............................................38
3.3 New remote sensing methods....................................................40
3.4 Examples....................................................................................42
3.4.1 Sensitivity analysis of Enhanced Thematic Mapper and
ASTER data for urban studies...........................................42
3.4.2 Characterizing derelict urban railway sites with QuickBird
data.....................................................................................45
3.5 Outlook......................................................................................47
3.6 Acknowledgments.....................................................................49
3.7 References..................................................................................49
Chapter 4 - Spatial Analysis of Urban Vegetation Scale and
Abundance................................................................................................53
4.1 Introduction................................................................................53
4.2 Six urban landscapes..................................................................55
4.3 Spectral mixture analysis and image segmentation...................56
4.4 Vegetation fraction and patch size distributions........................60
4.5 Comparison................................................................................64
4.6 Discussion..................................................................................71
4.7 Acknowledgements....................................................................75
4.8 References..................................................................................75
Chapter 5 - Urban Environmental Monitoring in Buenos Aires –
Determining Green Areas.......................................................................77
5.1 Introduction................................................................................77
5.2 Background................................................................................79
5.3 Related work..............................................................................79
5.4 Materials and methods...............................................................81
5.4.1 Study area..........................................................................81
5.4.2 Data....................................................................................81
5.4.3 Preparatory work................................................................84
5.4.4 Remote sensing analyses....................................................86
5.5 Results........................................................................................88
5.6 Applications...............................................................................90
5.7 Conclusions................................................................................91
5.8 Acknowledgements....................................................................92
5.9 References..................................................................................92
Chapter 6 - Challenges in Characterizing and Mitigating Urban Heat
Islands – A Role for Integrated Approaches Including Remote
Sensing....................................................................................................117
6.1 Introduction..............................................................................117
6.2 Temporal and spatial scales in climatology.............................119
6.2.1 Regional to local scale.....................................................119
6.3 Factors controlling urban climates...........................................120
6.4 Methods of evaluation.............................................................122
6.5 Remote sensing........................................................................123
6.6 Urban heat island mitigation....................................................127
6.7 Conclusions..............................................................................128
6.8 References................................................................................129
Chapter 7 – Phoenix, Arizona, USA: Applications of Remote Sensing
in a Rapidly Urbanizing Desert Region...............................................137
7.1 Introduction..............................................................................137
7.2 Regional setting and historic land use.....................................139
7.3 CAP LTER urban ecology research.........................................140
7.4 Urban climate modeling...........................................................141
7.5 Land cover characterization and change detection..................144
7.5.1 Expert system classification of the Phoenix area.............148
7.5.2 Monitoring LULCC using object-oriented
classification....................................................................151
7.6 High resolution commercial data use in Marana, AZ..............155
7.7 Conclusions..............................................................................159
7.8 References................................................................................160
Chapter 8 - Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technique for
Urban Environmental Management and Sustainable Development of
Delhi, India.............................................................................................165
8.1 Introduction..............................................................................165
8.2 Urban environmental issues in Delhi.......................................168
8.3 Application of remote sensing and GIS in urban studies.........171
8.3.1 Aerial photographs and satellite data in urban studies.....173
8.3.2 Urban spatial growth and sprawl.....................................174
8.3.3 Land-use and land-cover mapping...................................177
8.3.4 Urban change detection and mapping..............................180
8.3.5 Base maps for urban areas...............................................181
8.3.6 Urban hydrology..............................................................182
8.3.7 Solid and hazardous waste...............................................183
8.3.8 Effective traffic management...........................................184
8.3.9 Greenhouse gases and urban heat island mapping...........185
8.3.10 Urban infrastructure recreational and utility mapping.....186
8.4 Sustainable development and planning of Delhi.....................187
8.5 Conclusions..............................................................................190
8.5.1 Recommendations............................................................191
8.6 References................................................................................193
Chapter 9 - Berlin (Germany) Urban and Environmental Information
System: Application of Remote Sensing for Planning and Governance
- Potentials and Problems......................................................................199
9.1 Introduction..............................................................................199
9.2 Berlin urban and environmental information systems.............200
9.2.1 Definition and aims..........................................................201
9.2.2 The Berlin digital environmental atlas.............................205
9.2.3 FIS-broker........................................................................206
9.2.4 Geo-data and geographic information systems................207
9.2.5 GIS and the internet.........................................................207
9.3 Application of remote-sensing data.........................................208
9.3.1 UEIS mapping of land use...............................................208
9.3.2 Area types........................................................................209