Applied Inorganic Chemistry. Volume 3: From Magnetic to Bioactive Materials PDF
Preview Applied Inorganic Chemistry. Volume 3: From Magnetic to Bioactive Materials
RainerPöttgen,ThomasJüstel,CristianA.Strassert(Eds.) AppliedInorganicChemistry Also of interest AppliedInorganicChemistry Volume:FromConstructionMaterialstoTechnicalGases RainerPöttgen,ThomasJüstelandCristianA.Strassert(Eds.) ISBN----,e-ISBN---- AppliedInorganicChemistry Volume:FromEnergyStoragetoPhotofunctionalMaterials RainerPöttgen,ThomasJüstelandCristianA.Strassert(Eds.) ISBN----,e-ISBN---- Intermetallics Synthesis,Structure,Function RainerPöttgen,DirkJohrendt ISBN----,e-ISBN---- RareEarthChemistry RainerPöttgen,ThomasJüstelandCristianA.Strassert(Eds.) ISBN----,e-ISBN---- ZeitschriftfürKristallographie–CrystallineMaterials RainerPöttgen(Editor-in-Chief) ISSN-,e-ISSN- Applied Inorganic Chemistry Volume 3: From Magnetic to Bioactive Materials Edited by Rainer Pöttgen, Thomas Jüstel, Cristian A. Strassert Editors Prof.Dr.RainerPöttgen Prof.Dr.CristianA.Strassert InstitutfürAnorganischeundAnalytischeChemie InstitutfürAnorganischeundAnalytischeChemie WestfälischeWilhelms-UniversitätMünster CiMIC–CeNTech–SoN Corrensstraße30 WestfälischeWilhelms-UniversitätMünster 48149Münster Corrensstraße28/30 Germany 48149Münster E-mail:[email protected] Germany E-mail:[email protected] Prof.Dr.ThomasJüstel FachbereichChemieingenieurwesen FachhochschuleMünster Stegerwaldstraße39 48565Steinfurt Germany E-mail:[email protected] Thisbookwascarefullyproduced.Nevertheless,theauthorsandthepublisherdonotwarrantthe informationcontainedhereintobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailorotheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate ISBN978-3-11-073837-7 e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-073347-1 e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-073357-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2022935001 BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de. ©2023WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston Coverimage:MagnetfabrikBonn Typesetting:IntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd. Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck www.degruyter.com Preface The Periodic Table meanwhile lists 118 chemical elements, which leads to a vast numberofinorganiccompounds.Manyofthemhavewell-definedphysicochemical properties, which are exploited for the realization of functional materials we all comfortably use in daily life without even thinking about it, including magnetic andopticalmaterials,constructionmaterials,materialsforenergystorageandcon- version–justtonameafewremarkableexamples.Theimpactofinorganicchemis- try in human evolution cannot be overstated, and is proven by the designation of historical ages, such as stone, copper, bronze or iron age (even golden ages and goldrush),orbygeographicallocations(suchastheSiliconValleyandArgentina). While carbon-based organic chemistry has provided incredible breakthroughs in medicinalchemistryandplasticmaterials,thereisnodoubtthatthesolutionofthe mosturgentproblemscurrentlyfacedbyhumanitywillstemfrominorganicchem- istry providing high-density/high-stability materials for construction, information technologies,energystorageandconversion. Chemicalsciencesandindustriesareoftendemonized,butthemanyindispens- able materials we use in daily life impressively show how significantly they influ- ence our society. Ecosystems, metabolic and pathophysiological processes, food production,constructioninits broadestsense, mobilityandenergy conversionare determinedbychemistry–thesefactscannotsimplybeignored!Thepresentbook summarizesthemanybasicexamplesofinorganicmaterialsweuseonalargescale in everyday life, but also niche products with thoroughly optimized properties. Many subchapters are written by experts from academia and industry. We tried to ensure a proper balance of topics, even though it is simply impossible to cover all aspectsofappliedinorganicchemistry.Nonetheless,wehopethatwemadeagood compromise – if any topic is missing, this wasunintentional. The final chapter fo- cusses on energy flows and resources, which constitutes one of the most urgent topics. As a kind of appetizer for the following 16 chapters, we briefly summarize someapplicationsfortheelementsofthefirstfourrowsofthePeriodicTable.Sev- eralofthesetopicsarepickedupagaininthefollowingchapters: Hydrogen: energy source; helium: low-temperature refrigerant; ballon gas, lithium: anode materials for lithium-ion batteries; beryllium: hardening compo- nent for light-weight alloys, non-spark alloys, X-ray windows; boron: hardening component for intermetallics; carbon: electrode materials, black pigment; nitro- gen: source for ammonia and nitrate fertilizers, protective gas, low-temperature cooling; oxygen: medical gas, liquid oxygen for the Linz-Donauwitzer process in steelrefinement;fluorine:uraniumhexafluorideproduction;neon:helium-neon lasers; sodium: reducingagent;magnesium:alloying component and sacrificial anodes; aluminum: light-weight alloys, construction material; silicon: semicon- ductors; phosphorus: synthesis of phosphoric acid; matches; sulfur: vulcaniza- tion of rubber; chlorine: disinfection of water; argon: protective gas in chemical https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110733471-202 VI Preface synthesis and arc-welding; potassium: liquid sodium-potassium alloys as coolants innuclear reactors; calcium:reducingagent in metallurgy; scandium:additivefor aluminum-based alloys, component of electron emitters; titanium: steel additive, corrosion resistant alloys; vanadium: high-speed tool steels; chromium: stainless steel and chromium plating; manganese: ferromanganese, activator in LED phos- phors;iron: steel and castiron; cobalt: superalloys and samarium-cobalt magnets; nickel:catalysisandanti-corrosioncoatings;copper:cablesandwatertubes;zinc: facade cladding, corrosion protection; gallium: gallium nitride, phosphide or arse- nidesemiconductors; germanium: semiconductorsand detectiontechnology; arse- nic: doping of semiconductors; selenium: II-VI semiconductors and alloy additive for freecuttingsteel;bromine:specialdisinfection productsand synthesisofflame retardants;krypton:excimerlasers,KrClexcimerdischargelamps.Thereadermight notice that transition metals and lanthanides are not even mentioned here; there wouldnotbesufficientspaceinaprefacetolisttheirimpact! Such a book project is not realizable without the help of numerous colleagues and co-workers. We thank Gudrun Lübbering for continuous help with literature searchand text processingand ThomasFickenscher for providing withmanypho- tos of materials and devices. We are especially grateful to our colleagues for their immediateagreementstowriteupasubchapter.Itisalwayschallengingtocompile a concise Table of Contents and find the right co-authors. We are indebted to the editorialandproductionstaffofDeGruyter.OurparticularthanksgotoKristinBer- ber-Nerlinger, Dr. Vivien Schubert and Melanie Götz for their continuous support duringconception,writingandproducingthepresentbook. Münster,Steinfurt,June2022 ThomasJüstel,RainerPöttgen,CristianA.Strassert Thisbookcontainstwodifferenttokens,pointingto: listofreferences recommended literature for further reading; i.e. relevant text books, re- viewarticlesorimportantoriginalarticles Contents Volume3 (FromMagnetictoBioactiveMaterials) Preface V Listofcontributors XV 9 Electronicandmagneticmaterials 1 9.1 Semiconductors 1 MichaelBredol,DominikVoigt 9.2 Superconductors 23 DirkJohrendt 9.3 Inorganicmaterialsforchemicalsensors 39 MichaelSchäferling 9.4 Transparentconductingoxides 51 HideoHosono 9.5 Inorganicdetectormaterials 66 WilfriedHermes,RobertLovrincic,ThomasJüstel,RainerPöttgen, CristianA.Strassert,FrankBusch 9.6 Softmagnets 88 TorstenRieger 9.7 Permanentmagnets 114 MartinGrönefeld,IulianTeliban,JacekKrzywinski 9.8 Datastoragematerials 145 GünterReiss 9.9 Piezo-andpyroelectricmaterials 157 AdamSlabon 10 Technicalceramicsandhardmaterials 165 10.1 Sanitaryceramics,tableware,porcelain 165 MarcelEngels,ChristophPiribauer VIII Contents 10.2 Separationmembranes 182 IngolfVoigt 10.3 Functionalceramics 197 JanWerner 10.4 Structuralceramics 231 NadjaKratz 10.5 Refractories 244 PeterQuirmbach,AlmuthSax 10.6 Carbides,borides,silicides 260 MarkusF.Zumdick 10.7 Abrasivesandhardtransitionmetaloxides 271 DominikWilhelm 10.8 Surfacehardeningandhardcoatings 280 TorbenButtler 11 Carbon-andsulfur-basedmaterials 287 11.1 Carbon 287 DogukanH.Apaydin,BernhardC.Bayer,Jean-CharlesArnault, DominikEder 11.2 Sulfur 306 CristianA.Strassert,RainerPöttgen 12 Water,mineralacidsandbases 317 JensHaberkamp,ThomasJüstel,RainerPöttgen 13 Biomedicalandbioactivematerials 331 13.1 Disinfectionandinorganicbiocides 331 13.1.1 Hydrogenperoxideandozone 331 RainerPöttgen,ThomasFickenscher 13.1.2 Chlorine-baseddisinfectants 337 Rainer Pöttgen, Cristian A. Strassert Contents IX 13.1.3 Iodine-baseddisinfectionmaterials 345 Jonas R. Schmid, Christian Matschke, Sebastian Riedel 13.1.4 Copper-basedbiocides 359 Rainer Pöttgen, Thomas Fickenscher 13.1.5 Antifoulingcoatings 365 Thomas Schupp 13.2 Radiotracersfordiagnosticimaging 371 Andreas Faust 13.3 Radiotherapeutics 385 Andreas Faust 13.4 Activeinorganicdrugsandexcipients 391 Fabian Herrmann 13.5 Inorganicbiomaterials 404 Reinhard Maletz, Matthias Epple 14 Criticalityofinorganicresources 423 Michael Binnewies 15 Toxicologyofinorganiccompounds 439 Thomas Schupp 16 Chemicalproducts:gradients,energybalances,entropy 465 Martin Bertau, Thomas Jüstel, Rainer Pöttgen, Cristian A. Strassert Subjectindex 479 Formulaindex 495
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