Applications of nanotechnology for green synthesis.

502 Pages·2020·22.138 MB·English

Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences
Inamuddin
Abdullah M. Asiri  Editors
Applications
of Nanotechnology
for Green Synthesis
Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences
Series Editor
Ram Prasad
Department of Botany
Mahatma Gandhi Central University
Motihari, Bihar, India
Nano and biotechnology are two of the 21st century’s most promising technologies.
Nanotechnology is demarcated as the design, development, and application of
materials and devices whose least functional make up is on a nanometer scale (1 to
100 nm). Meanwhile, biotechnology deals with metabolic and other physiological
developments of biological subjects including microorganisms. These microbial
processes have opened up new opportunities to explore novel applications, for
example, the biosynthesis of metal nanomaterials, with the implication that these
two technologies (i.e., thus nanobiotechnology) can play a vital role in developing
and executing many valuable tools in the study of life. Nanotechnology is very
diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new
approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials
with dimensions on the nanoscale, to investigating whether we can directly control
matters on/in the atomic scale level. This idea entails its application to diverse fields
of science such as plant biology, organic chemistry, agriculture, the food industry,
and more.
Nanobiotechnology offers a wide range of uses in medicine, agriculture, and the
environment. Many diseases that do not have cures today may be cured by
nanotechnology in the future. Use of nanotechnology in medical therapeutics needs
adequate evaluation of its risk and safety factors. Scientists who are against the use
of nanotechnology also agree that advancement in nanotechnology should continue
because this field promises great benefits, but testing should be carried out to ensure
its safety in people. It is possible that nanomedicine in the future will play a crucial
role in the treatment of human and plant diseases, and also in the enhancement of
normal human physiology and plant systems, respectively. If everything proceeds as
expected, nanobiotechnology will, one day, become an inevitable part of our
everyday life and will help save many lives.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15921
Inamuddin • Abdullah M. Asiri
Editors
Applications of
Nanotechnology for Green
Synthesis
Editors
Inamuddin Abdullah M. Asiri
Chemistry Department Chemistry Department
King Abdulaziz University King Abdulaziz University
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Applied Chemistry
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh, India
ISSN 2523-8027 ISSN 2523-8035 (electronic)
Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences
ISBN 978-3-030-44175-3 ISBN 978-3-030-44176-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44176-0
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Preface
Individuals are at the focal point of worries for feasible advancement. They are
entitled to a healthy and productive life in concordance with nature. Green chemis-
try has found its foundations in effectively accessible contemplations and research
endeavors, which prompted more prominent consideration toward issues relating to
harmful chemical waste and resource depletion. The demand for global environ-
mentally friendly chemical processes, efficient methods of syntheses, atom-
economical syntheses, multicomponent reactions, and usage of environmentally
benign solvents requires the development of novel and cost-effective approaches to
pollution control, prevention, and environmental degradation. Hence, knowledge
and understanding concerning green synthetic tools and its concepts are essential
for an advanced sustainable community.
This book titled Applications of Nanotechnology for Green Synthesis presents
the latest advances on the green chemistry avenues toward sustainable technologies.
Chapters highlighted eco-friendly methods; green solvents; selective transforma-
tions; biosynthesis; eco-friendly catalysis; production of valuable chemicals, drugs,
and technologies; and so on. A layout of different studies for the development of
green chemical processes and applications is highlighted. This book is an extremely
well-structured and essential resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students,
faculty, R&D professionals, scientists, environmental chemists, and industrial
experts. This book will bring together panels of highly accomplished experts in the
field of green chemistry technologies. Based on thematic topics, the book edition
contains the following 17 chapters:
Chapter 1 reviews ionic liquids as potential alternatives to organic solvents.
Reactions that have been carried out successfully in ionic liquids and their advan-
tages over reactions in conventional solvents are discussed. Some examples of how
industries replacing their media with ionic liquids are also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 2 discusses the use of greener solvent, i.e., water in industrial and syn-
thetic applications. Several environmentally sustainable processes in the multicom-
ponent reactions (MCRs), synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, and products
are discussed in detail. The applications of synthesis, MCRs, and surfactant- mediated
chemistry in water to a selected number of reaction types are also presented.
v
vi Preface
Chapter 3 discusses the applications of ionic liquids (ILs) in organic synthesis.
ILs have developed itself as a sustainable alternative to organic solvents, catalysts,
and reagents. The five name reactions, namely, Biginelli reaction, Knoevenagel
reaction, Michael reaction, Heck reaction, and Friedel–Crafts reaction, have been
discussed in detail to show the utility of ILs in organic synthesis.
Chapter 4 summarizes the recent developments on various aqueous-mediated
catalyst-free organic transformations under conventional stirring at room tempera-
ture or reflux conditions. From this chapter, it is also well established that, on many
occasions, we can avoid the use of catalysts by employing ultrasound or microwave-
irradiated techniques in water.
Chapter 5 details various modification methods on polymeric membranes to
enhance the isopropanol dehydration. The role of modification during solution
preparation is also discussed. The major focus is given to enlighten the advantages
and weaknesses of modifications of pervaporation membranes and give a future
trend in modification techniques.
Chapter 6 outlines the basic concepts and importance of green chemistry. The
major issues of conventional organic synthesis are discussed with special emphasis
on atom economy, hazards of solvents and reagents, handling of reactions and
process economy.
Chapter 7 discusses various greener aspects involved in the scale-up synthesis of
different active pharmaceutical ingredients and other such molecules reported in
recently published literature, to familiarize the young process scientists with the
intricacies of eco-friendly process development.
Chapter 8 discusses green chemistry approaches applied in organic synthesis
utilized by chemical as well as pharmaceutical industries. Greener synthetic
approaches have tremendous potential for growth, and medical scientists can gain
knowledge about eco-friendly protocols for synthesizing a wide range of organic
compounds.
Chapter 9 details the fundamental understanding and technical requirements of
multicomponent catalysts for selective glycerol conversion to lactic acid through
various combinations of non-precious metals, bases, and porous supports. Their
catalytic behaviors are critically reviewed with the highlights on the influencing
parameters as well as the sustainable way forward.
Chapter 10 mainly focuses on the synthesis of metal nanoparticles using differ-
ent green biological approaches based on the prokaryotic systems, for example,
bacteria, and eukaryotic systems such as plants, algae, yeast, fungi, and virus.
Further, it also discusses the different biological applications of biologically synthe-
sized nanoparticles.
Chapter 11 details on silver nanostructures in various dimensions, their various
chemical reduction-based synthesis methods, and antimicrobial activities with spe-
cial emphasis on their mechanism of antimicrobial actions. The role of various syn-
thesis parameters on the morphologies of silver nanostructures along with their
further antimicrobial properties is discussed in detail.
Preface vii
Chapter 12 discusses important aspects regarding the characterization of the bio-
mass composition, the main pretreatments for separating the cellulose, hemicellu-
lose, and lignin fractions, as well as important advances in using heterogeneous
catalysis, highlighting that acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of biomass is fundamental for
glucose and platform chemical production.
Chapter 13 details the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) from the reuse
of discarded batteries. Several characterization techniques are mentioned in detail.
Produced rGO was compared to commercial graphene. This synthesis can be con-
sidered as cheap, sustainable, and eco-friendly to produce high-quality graphene.
Chapter 14 stresses majorly on the exploitation of enzymes (biocatalyst) con-
cerning the treatment of numerous industrial wastes. The major focus is to commu-
nicate how biocatalysis as a green approach helps to treat the wastes coming out of
industries. All types of classification of enzymes are discussed along with their
application in industrial waste treatment such as effluents from food industries,
effluents from chemical industries, wastes from pharmaceutical industries, etc.
Chapter 15 discusses the synthesis of biodiesel using immobilized lipases and
non-conventional feedstocks. The latest trends of immobilization of lipases, differ-
ent methods of biodiesel production, and variables affecting the production of bio-
diesel are also discussed. The main focus is to use microbial lipases as catalysts to
produce “greener” biodiesel.
Chapter 16 describes the advantages of different types of green solvent, e.g.,
water, ionic liquid, in technologies of organic synthesis. In this chapter, the back-
ground, perspective, and future trend of application of green solvents are investi-
gated. Also, based on the 12 principles of green chemistry, the procedure for the
future green solvent selection is presented.
Chapter 17 discusses the utility of boric acid as a green catalyst in the synthesis
of numerous biologically important heterocycles. The advantages of boric acid
include easy availability and eco-friendly physicochemical properties. The use of
boric acid in catalyzing various organic conversions like addition, esterification,
substitution, and condensation has been discussed in detail.
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Inamuddin
Aligarh, India
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Abdullah M. Asiri
Contents
Sustainable Organic Synthesis in Ionic Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Afifa Ahmed
Industrial Applications of Green Solvents in Organic
and Drug Synthesis for Sustainable Development
of Chemical Process and Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Clement Osei Akoto
Applications of Ionic Liquids in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Poonam, Geetanjali, and Ram Singh
Water-Mediated Catalyst-Free Organic Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Bubun Banerjee
Modifications on Polymeric Membranes for Isopropanol
Dehydration Using Pervaporation: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Wan Zulaisa Amira Wan Jusoh, Sunarti Abdul Rahman, Abdul Latif
Ahmad, and Nadzirah Mohd Mokhtar
Environmentally Benign Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Altaf Hussain and Bashir Ahmad Dar
Green Aspects of Scale-Up Synthesis of Some APIs, Drug
Candidates Under Development or Their Critical Intermediates . . . . . . . 145
Venkata Durga Nageswar Yadavalli and Rama Sastry Kambhampati
Green Approaches to Synthesize Organic Compounds and Drugs . . . . . . 191
Yogesh Murti, Devender Pathak, and Kamla Pathak
Selective Transformation of Glycerol to Lactic
Acid by Porous Multifunctional Mixed Oxide Catalysts
Under Alkaline Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Mohamed Hussein Abdurahman, Muhammad Hazim Yaacob,
Nor Irwin Basir, and Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah
ix
x Contents
Green Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles
and Their Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Shakeel Ahmad Khan and Chun-Sing Lee
Silver Nanostructures, Chemical Synthesis Methods,
and Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Pragatisheel and Jai Prakash
The Role of Heterogeneous Catalysts in Converting
Cellulose to Platform Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Miquéias G. dos Santos, Lorena Oliveira Pires, Débora D. V. Silva,
and Kelly J. Dussán
Production of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) from
Battery Waste: Green and Sustainable Synthesis and Reduction . . . . . . . 329
Thabata Karoliny Formicoli Souza Freitas,
Henrique Cesar Lopes Geraldino, Franciele França Figueiredo,
Danielly Cruz Campo Martins, Juliana Carla Garcia,
and Célia Regina Granhen Tavares
Bio-catalysis as a Green Approach for Industrial Waste Treatment . . . . . 359
Archita Sharma and Shailendra Kumar Arya
Green Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Microbial Lipases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Aroosh Shabbir, Hamid Mukhtar, Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz,
and Umer Rashid
Industrial Applications of Green Solvents for Sustainable
Development of Technologies in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Maryam Meshksar, Fatemeh Afshariani,
and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour
Boric Acid: A Versatile Catalyst in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Shahebaaz K. Pathan, Paresh Mahaparale, Satish Deshmukh,
Hemant Une, Rohidas Arote, and Jaiprakash Sangshetti
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485