AP Psychology, 2014-2015 Edition

355 Pages·2013·7.72 MB·English

by  Maitland

SAME POWERFUL STUDY GUIDES
5 STEPS TO A 5™
NEW PLATFORMS TO HELP YOU SUCCEED!
A Perfect Plan for the Perfect Score
on the Advanced Placement Exams
ISBN 978-0-07-180392-2
MHID 0-07-180392-0
51895
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9 780071 803922
5
TM
5 STEPS TO A
AP Psycholog y
2014–2015
Laura Lincoln Maitland, MA, MSEd
New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid
Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto
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CONTENTS
Preface, vii
About the Author, viii
Introduction: The 5-Step Program, ix
Set Up Your Study Plan
STEP 1
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Psychology Exam, 3
Background Information, 3
Some Frequently Asked Questions About the AP Psychology Exam, 4
2 How to Plan Your Time, 9
Three Approaches to Preparing for AP Exams, 9
Determine Your Test Readiness
STEP 2
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam, 17
Diagnostic Exam in AP Psychology, 18
Develop Strategies for Success
STEP 3
4 How to Approach Each Question Type, 37
Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions, 37
Section II: The Free-Response Questions, 39
Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
STEP 4
5 History and Approaches, 43
Roots of Psychology, 44
Schools of Psychology, 44
Principal Approaches to Psychology, 45
Domains of Psychology, 46
6 Research Methods, 51
Experimental Method, 52
Correlational Research, 54
Case Study, 55
Elementary Statistics, 55
Ethical Guidelines, 59
7 Biological Bases of Behavior, 65
Techniques to Learn About Structure and Function, 66
Organization of Your Nervous System, 67
Localization and Lateralization of the Brain’s Function, 68
Structure and Function of the Neuron, 70
The Endocrine System, 73
Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology, 74
Genetics and Behavior, 74
8 Sensation and Perception, 84
Thresholds, 85
Vision, 86
(cid:2) iii
iv (cid:3) Contents
Hearing (Audition), 88
Touch (Somatosensation), 90
Body Senses, 91
Chemical Senses, 91
Perceptual Processes, 91
9 States of Consciousness, 102
Levels of Consciousness, 103
Sleep and Dreams, 103
Hypnosis, 106
Meditation, 106
Drugs, 107
10 Learning, 113
Classical Conditioning, 114
Operant Conditioning, 116
Superstitious Behavior, 119
Cognitive Processes in Learning, 120
Biological Factors in Learning, 121
11 Cognition, 127
Models of Memory, 128
Language, 134
Thinking, 135
12 Motivation and Emotion, 146
Theories of Motivation, 147
Physiological Motives, 149
Social Motivation, 152
Theories of Emotion, 153
Stress and Coping, 155
Positive Psychology, 156
13 Developmental Psychology, 163
Key Issues in Development, 164
Methods of Studying Development, 164
Physical Development, 165
Theories of Cognitive Development, 168
Theories of Moral Development, 170
Theories of Social and Emotional Development, 171
Gender Roles and Sex Differences, 174
14 Personality, 183
Personality Theories and Approaches, 184
Assessment Techniques, 191
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem, 193
15 Testing and Individual Differences, 201
Standardization and Norms, 201
Reliability and Validity, 202
Types of Tests, 203
Ethics and Standards in Testing, 204
Contents (cid:2) v
Intelligence and Intelligence Testing, 205
Heredity/Environment and Intelligence, 209
Human Diversity, 210
16 Abnormal Behavior, 215
Defining Abnormal Behavior, 215
Causes of Abnormal Behavior, 216
Types of Disorders, 217
17 Treatment of Abnormal Behavior, 228
Mental Health Practitioners, 228
Brief History of Therapy, 229
Treatment Approaches, 230
Biological/Biomedical Treatments, 234
Modes of Therapy, 236
Community and Preventive Approaches, 236
18 Social Psychology, 242
Group Dynamics, 242
Attribution Processes, 244
Interpersonal Perception, 245
Conformity, Compliance, Obedience, 247
Attitudes and Attitude Change, 248
Aggression/Antisocial Behavior, 249
Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
STEP 5
AP Psychology Practice Exam 1 and Answers, 259
AP Psychology Practice Exam 2 and Answers, 285
Appendixes
Glossary, 313
Bibliography, 340
Web Sites, 341
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PREFACE
Welcome to the new edition of this test preparation book for AP Psychology. The book has
been designed so that it is user friendly and employs the concepts psychologists know about
learning and remembering to help you succeed. Each chapter begins with an advance
organizer to help you understand the material. Smaller sections enable you to fit what you
are learning into the framework of what you already know. Features that previous users
found most helpful, such as the definitions in the glossary at the end of the book, questions
very similar to those actually on the AP exam, and Rapid Review at the end of each con-
tent chapter have been retained.
If psychology were mainly common sense, as many people think, you wouldn’t need
this book. You wouldn’t need to study either. In fact, many concepts in psychology are
counterintuitive, the opposite of what common sense leads us to think. Actually, psychol-
ogy is a real science with a substantial knowledge base. If you are currently enrolled in an
Advanced Placement Psychology course, you know how much more than listening to
people’s problems and analyzing them is included in the study of psychology, and you know
how many hundreds of pages you need to navigate in a hard-covered course textbook. If
you’re not enrolled in an AP course, you may need additional support to help you select
material that is likely to be tested on the May exam. In either situation, you’ll benefit from
this book which was created to help you study for the Advanced Placement Exam in
Psychology®.
This book provides you with the information on which you need to focus for taking
“
the Advanced Placement Exam in Psychology , and gives you opportunities to practice
answering AP-type questions. The multiple-choice questions count for two-thirds of your
test score, and the essays count for one-third. While multiple-choice questions usually assess
your understanding of one concept, essays test your understanding of numerous concepts
and your ability to integrate information from more than one chapter. Practice in answering
both multiple-choice and essay questions will help you do well on the AP exam. Read all
of the material and answer all of the questions in all of the content chapters of this book,
if you have enough time. Check your answers. Follow the study tips to help you learn and
remember material you need to know. As the May exam approaches, take the two practice
tests at the end of the book, and check your answers to see what you still need to learn.
Since studying will help you succeed, it’s time to get started!
(cid:2) vii