Antitrust and the Formation of the Postwar World (Columbia Studies in Contemporary American History) PDF
Preview Antitrust and the Formation of the Postwar World (Columbia Studies in Contemporary American History)
A N T I T R U S T the formation of the postwar world & W YAT T W E L L S Antitrust and the Formation of the Postwar World columbia studies in contemporary american history columbia studies in contemporary american history AlanBrinkley,GeneralEditor LawrenceS.Wittner,RebelsAgainstWar:TheAmericanPeaceMovement,1941–1960 1969 DavisR.B.Ross,PreparingforUlysses:PoliticsandVeteransDuringWorldWarII 1969 JohnLewisGaddis,TheUnitedStatesandtheOriginsoftheColdWar,1941–1947 1972 GeorgeC.Herring,Jr.,AidtoRussia,1941–1946:Strategy,Diplomacy,theOriginsoftheCold War 1973 AlonzoL.Hamby,BeyondtheNewDeal:HarryS.TrumanandAmericanLiberalism 1973 RichardM.Fried,MenAgainstMcCarthy 1976 StevenF.Lawson,BlackBallots:VotingRightsintheSouth,1944–1969 1976 CarlM.Brauer,JohnF.KennedyandtheSecondReconstruction 1977 MaevaMarcus,TrumanandtheSteelSeizureCase:TheLimitsofPresidentialPower 1977 MortonSosna,InSearchoftheSilentSouth:SouthernLiberalsandtheRaceIssue 1977 RobertM.Collins,TheBusinessResponsetoKeynes,1929–1964 1981 RobertM.Hathaway,AmbiguousPartnership:BritainandAmerica,1944–1947 1981 LeonardDinnerstein,AmericaandtheSurvivorsoftheHolocaust 1982 LawrenceS.Wittner,AmericanInterventioninGreece,1943–1949 1982 NancyBernkopfTucker,PatternsintheDust:Chinese-AmericanRelationsandthe RecognitionControversy,1949–1950 1983 CatherineA.Barnes,JourneyfromJimCrow:TheDesegregationofSouthernTransit 1983 StevenF.Lawson,InPursuitofPower:SouthernBlacksandElectoralPolitics,1965–1982 1985 DavidR.Colburn,RacialChangeandCommunityCrisis:St.Augustine,Florida,1877–1980 1985 HenryWilliamBrands,ColdWarriors:Eisenhower’sGenerationandtheMakingofAmerican ForeignPolicy 1988 MarcS.Gallicchio,TheColdWarBeginsinAsia:AmericanEastAsianPolicyandtheFallof theJapaneseEmpire.1988 MelanieBillings-Yun,DecisionAgainstWar:EisenhowerandDienBienPhu 1988 WalterL.Hixson,GeorgeF.Kennan:ColdWarIconoclast 1989 RobertD.Schulzinger,HenryKissinger:DoctorofDiplomacy 1989 HenryWilliamBrands,TheSpecterofNeutralism:TheUnitedStatesandtheEmergenceof theThirdWorld,1947–1960 1989 MitchellK.Hall,BecauseofTheirFaith:CALCAVandReligiousOppositiontotheVietnam War 1990 DavidL.Anderson,TrappedBySuccess:TheEisenhowerAdministrationandVietnam, 1953–1961 1991 StevenM.Gillon,TheDemocrats’Dilemma:WalterF.MondaleandtheLiberalLegacy1992 WyattC.Wells,EconomistinanUncertainWorld:ArthurF.BurnsandtheFederalReserve, 1970–1978 1994 StuartSvonkin,JewsAgainstPrejudice:AmericanJewsandtheFightforCivilLiberties 1997 DougRossinow,ThePoliticsofAuthenticity:Liberalism,Christianity,andtheNewLeftin America 1998 CampbellCraig,DestroyingtheVillage:EisenhowerandThermonuclearWar 1998 BrettGary,TheNervousLiberals:PropagandaAnxietiesfromWorldWarItotheColdWar 1999 AndreaFriedman,PrurientInterests:Gender,Democracy,andObscenityinNewYorkCity: 1909–1945 2000 EricRauchway,TheRefugeofAffections:FamilyandAmericanReformPolitics,1900–1920 2000 RobertC.Cottrell,RogerNashBaldwinandtheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion 2000 Antitrust and the Formation of the Postwar World Wyatt Wells c o l u m b i a u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s n e w y o r k columbia university press PublishersSince1893 NewYork Chichester,WestSussex Copyright(cid:1)2002ColumbiaUniversityPress Allrightsreserved LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Wells,WyattC. Antitrustandtheformationofthepostwarworld/ WyattWells. p.cm.—(Columbiastudiesincontemporary Americanhistoryseries) Includesbibliographicalreferences(p.)andindex. ISBN0–231–12398–1(acid-freepaper) 1.Antitrustlaw—UnitedStates—History.2.Conflict oflaws—Antitrustlaw—History.3.Competition, Unfair—History.4.Cartels—History. I.Title. II.ColumbiastudiesincontemporaryAmerican history. KF1652.W452001 343.73(cid:2)0721—dc21 2001032520 A ColumbiaUniversityPressbooksareprinted onpermanentanddurableacid-freepaper. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For my parents, Charles and Ann, and for my wife, Barbara Contents Preface ix Introduction 1 1. TheCartelIdeal 4 2. TheContextofAntitrust 27 3. ReformversusMobilization 43 4. MakingtheWorldSafeforCompetition 90 5. AmongUnbelievers:AntitrustinGermanyandJapan 137 6. TheNewOrderinPractice:TheCasesofOilandSteel 187 Conclusions 206 Notes 217 EssayonSources 257 Index 267 Preface The inspiration for this book came from W. J. Reader’sIm- perialChemicalIndustries:AHistory,whichIfirstreadingraduateschool. Among other matters,thesevolumeschronicletheU.S.government’santi- trust suit againstImperialChemicalIndustriesandDuPontin1944,atthe heightofWorldWarII.Thestrangenessofthecasestruckme.DuPontand ICI were two of the Allies’ chief munitions suppliers; ICI did no business in the United States; and the arrangements in question involved not war production but contracts about which Washington had known for years. Several yearslater,whileteachingacourseonWorldWarII,Itookupthe matteragain.Ithoughttoproduceanarticleonthisintriguingepisode,but itsoonbecameclearthattheissueswentwellbeyondoneantitrustcaseand, indeed, involved the basic shape of the world economy after 1945. Seven years of work and countless revisions and reappraisals later, the result is AntitrustandtheFormationofthePostwarWorld. Manypeopleandinstitutionscontributedtothisbook.Atdifferenttimes I have received valuable advice from Paul Conkin, Otis Graham, Dewey Grantham, David Hoth, William Leuchtenburg, Thomas McCraw, David Moss,HuwPill,BruceScott,DeboraSpar,RichardVietor,AnnWells,Har- wellWells,andLouisWells.ThestaffofColumbiaUniversityPressandits readersalsomademanywisesuggestions.LizaandNathanielChapmanand Ellen and Swift Martin were sources of bottomless hospitality whileI con- ducted research. The Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, the Hagley Museum and Library, theAmericanHeri-
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